Human Gene DMD (ENST00000357033.9_13) from GENCODE V47lift37
Description: dystrophin, transcript variant Dp427m (from RefSeq NM_004006.3)Gencode Transcript: ENST00000357033.9_13Gencode Gene: ENSG00000198947.18_21Transcript (Including UTRs) Position: hg19 chrX:31,137,339-33,229,666 Size: 2,092,328 Total Exon Count: 79 Strand: -Coding Region Position: hg19 chrX:31,140,036-33,229,429 Size: 2,089,394 Coding Exon Count: 79
Data last updated at UCSC: 2024-08-22 23:36:26
Sequence and Links to Tools and Databases
Primer design for this transcript
MalaCards Disease Associations
MalaCards Gene Search: DMD
Diseases sorted by gene-association score: duchenne muscular dystrophy * (1627), becker muscular dystrophy * (1626), cardiomyopathy, dilated, 3b * (1200), dmd-associated dilated cardiomyopathy * (521), dmd-related dilated cardiomyopathy * (500), muscular dystrophy * (488), symptomatic form of muscular dystrophy of duchenne and becker in female carriers * (350), polyglucosan body myopathy 1 with or without immunodeficiency * (283), isolated hyperckemia * (283), creatine phosphokinase, elevated serum * (231), brody myopathy * (231), myopathy * (175), beckwith-wiedemann syndrome * (133), dystrophinopathies * (119), familial isolated dilated cardiomyopathy * (71), x-linked non-specific intellectual disability * (66), myocarditis (37), distal muscular dystrophy (29), neuromuscular disease (24), muscle tissue disease (21), cardiomyopathy (17), localized lipodystrophy (17), glycerol kinase deficiency (17), autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (15), extracardiac rhabdomyoma (13), otopalatodigital syndrome (13), cytoplasmic body myopathy (12), centronuclear myopathy (12), aland island eye disease (11), reducing body myopathy (10), stormorken syndrome (10), dilated cardiomyopathy (10), bethlem myopathy 1 (10), myositis (10), glycogen storage disease ii (9), muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy , type a, 4 (9), muscular dystrophy, rigid spine, 1 (9), congenital myopathy (9), adrenal hypoplasia, congenital (9), muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle, type 2c (9), arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (9), hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (8), mental retardation, x-linked syndromic 5 (8), sarcoglycanopathies (8), walker-warburg syndrome (8), facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy 1 (8), pyloric stenosis (8), myofibrillar myopathy (7), myoglobinuria recurrent (7), progressive muscular dystrophy (7), dilated cardiomyopathy 1b (6), congenital fiber-type disproportion (6), emery-dreifuss muscular dystrophy (6), chromosome xp21 deletion syndrome (6), muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle, type 2a (6), muscular dystrophy, congenital merosin-deficient (5), muscular dystrophy, congenital, 1b (5), aleutian mink disease (5), gas gangrene (5), myopathy, x-linked, with excessive autophagy (5), myotonia (5), cardiomyopathy, dilated, 1d (5), cobblestone lissencephaly (5), myopathy, myofibrillar, 2 (5), muscle eye brain disease (4), cardiomyopathy, dilated, 1a (4), muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy , type b, 6 (4), muscular dystrophy-dystroglycanopathy , type b, 5 (3), intrinsic cardiomyopathy (2), muscular dystrophy, congenital (2), eye disease (1)* = Manually curated disease association
Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD)
Common Gene Haplotype Alleles
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RNA-Seq Expression Data from GTEx (53 Tissues, 570 Donors)
Microarray Expression Data
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mRNA Secondary Structure of 3' and 5' UTRs
Vienna RNA Package is used to perform the secondary structure predictions and folding calculations. The estimated folding energy is in kcal/mol. The more negative the energy, the more secondary structure the RNA is likely to have.
Orthologous Genes in Other Species
Orthologies between human, mouse, and rat are computed by taking the best BLASTP hit, and filtering out non-syntenic hits. For more distant species reciprocal-best BLASTP hits are used. Note that the absence of an ortholog in the table below may reflect incomplete annotations in the other species rather than a true absence of the orthologous gene.
Descriptions from all associated GenBank mRNAs
AB208836 - Homo sapiens mRNA for dystrophin Dp427c isoform variant protein.M18533 - Homo sapiens dystrophin (DMD) mRNA, complete cds.X14298 - Human mRNA for dystrophin.BC127103 - Homo sapiens dystrophin, mRNA (cDNA clone IMAGE:40124458), complete cds.BC150141 - Homo sapiens dystrophin, mRNA (cDNA clone IMAGE:40124455), complete cds.AB527131 - Synthetic construct DNA, clone: pF1KB3134, Homo sapiens DMD gene for dystrophin, without stop codon, in Flexi system.BC111587 - Synthetic construct Homo sapiens clone IMAGE:40080544, MGC:133407 DMD protein (DMD) mRNA, encodes complete protein.BC111836 - Synthetic construct Homo sapiens clone IMAGE:40080640, MGC:133428 DMD protein (DMD) mRNA, encodes complete protein.BC111934 - Synthetic construct Homo sapiens clone IMAGE:40080736, MGC:133449 DMD protein (DMD) mRNA, encodes complete protein.BC118002 - Synthetic construct Homo sapiens clone IMAGE:40080832, MGC:133386 DMD protein (DMD) mRNA, encodes complete protein.BC010932 - Homo sapiens dystrophin, mRNA (cDNA clone IMAGE:4273908), with apparent retained intron.AK309142 - Homo sapiens cDNA, FLJ99183.X06178 - Human adult muscle mRNA fragment of DMD gene (DMD= Duchenne muscular dystrophy).MT093188 - Homo sapiens clone 1 truncated dystrophin mRNA, complete cds.MT093189 - Homo sapiens clone 2 truncated dystrophin mRNA, complete cds.BC070078 - Homo sapiens dystrophin, mRNA (cDNA clone IMAGE:5262850), complete cds.BC094758 - Homo sapiens dystrophin, mRNA (cDNA clone IMAGE:30336570), complete cds.BC028720 - Homo sapiens dystrophin, mRNA (cDNA clone IMAGE:4822807), complete cds.M92650 - Human Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) mRNA, complete cds.AK299936 - Homo sapiens cDNA FLJ60143 complete cds, highly similar to Homo sapiens dystrophin, transcript variant Dp140bc, mRNA.KJ896709 - Synthetic construct Homo sapiens clone ccsbBroadEn_06103 DMD gene, encodes complete protein.KR710729 - Synthetic construct Homo sapiens clone CCSBHm_00016294 DMD (DMD) mRNA, encodes complete protein.KR710730 - Synthetic construct Homo sapiens clone CCSBHm_00016296 DMD (DMD) mRNA, encodes complete protein.KR710731 - Synthetic construct Homo sapiens clone CCSBHm_00016308 DMD (DMD) mRNA, encodes complete protein.KR710732 - Synthetic construct Homo sapiens clone CCSBHm_00016322 DMD (DMD) mRNA, encodes complete protein.KU178030 - Homo sapiens dystrophin isoform 1 (DMD) mRNA, partial cds.KU178031 - Homo sapiens dystrophin isoform 2 (DMD) mRNA, complete cds.KU178032 - Homo sapiens dystrophin isoform 4 (DMD) mRNA, partial cds, alternatively spliced.KU178033 - Homo sapiens dystrophin isoform 5 (DMD) mRNA, complete cds, alternatively spliced.KU178034 - Homo sapiens dystrophin isoform 6 (DMD) mRNA, partial cds, alternatively spliced.M63072 - Human Duchenne muscular dystrophy protein (DMD) mRNA, 3' end.S60973 - dystrophin {out-of-frame deletion of exon 50} [human, fibroblasts, mRNA Mutant, 362 nt].S60970 - dystrophin {out-of-frame deletion with exons 43 and 48 abutted} [human, lymphoblasts, mRNA Mutant, 95 nt].MN490084 - Homo sapiens clone DMD51_Band3 dystrophin (DMD) mRNA, partial cds, alternatively spliced.MN490085 - Homo sapiens clone DMD51_Band4 dystrophin (DMD) mRNA, partial cds, alternatively spliced.MN490083 - Homo sapiens clone DMD51_Band2 dystrophin (DMD) mRNA, partial cds, alternatively spliced.MN490082 - Homo sapiens clone DMD51_Band1 dystrophin (DMD) mRNA, partial cds, alternatively spliced.BC036103 - Homo sapiens dystrophin, mRNA (cDNA clone IMAGE:5274415), complete cds.X06179 - Human fetal mRNA fragment of DMD gene (DMD= Duchenne muscular dystrophy).S60971 - dystrophin {out-of-frame deletion of exons 7-13} [human, lymphoblasts, muscle, mRNA Mutant, 234 nt].M63075 - Human Duchenne muscular dystrophy protein (DMD) mRNA, partial cds.BC009242 - Homo sapiens dystrophin, mRNA (cDNA clone IMAGE:3029414), partial cds.S60972 - dystrophin {out-of-frame deletion of exons 3-7} [human, lymphoblasts, mRNA Mutant, 144 nt].M63074 - Human Duchenne muscular dystrophy protein (DMD) mRNA, 5' end.X15148 - Human mRNA for dystrophin isoform (partial).AK129855 - Homo sapiens cDNA FLJ26345 fis, clone HRT03668.JD378954 - Sequence 359978 from Patent EP1572962.JD163051 - Sequence 144075 from Patent EP1572962.JD109923 - Sequence 90947 from Patent EP1572962.JD047018 - Sequence 28042 from Patent EP1572962.JD050717 - Sequence 31741 from Patent EP1572962.JD245449 - Sequence 226473 from Patent EP1572962.JD181893 - Sequence 162917 from Patent EP1572962.JD289946 - Sequence 270970 from Patent EP1572962.JD407942 - Sequence 388966 from Patent EP1572962.JD057780 - Sequence 38804 from Patent EP1572962.JD100782 - Sequence 81806 from Patent EP1572962.JD146647 - Sequence 127671 from Patent EP1572962.JD073316 - Sequence 54340 from Patent EP1572962.JD038112 - Sequence 19136 from Patent EP1572962.JD565941 - Sequence 546965 from Patent EP1572962.JD235537 - Sequence 216561 from Patent EP1572962.JD261468 - Sequence 242492 from Patent EP1572962.JD045841 - Sequence 26865 from Patent EP1572962.JD562648 - Sequence 543672 from Patent EP1572962.JD149132 - Sequence 130156 from Patent EP1572962.JD519011 - Sequence 500035 from Patent EP1572962.JD141608 - Sequence 122632 from Patent EP1572962.JD146443 - Sequence 127467 from Patent EP1572962.HI953430 - Sequence 6 from Patent WO2010136417.JD431314 - Sequence 412338 from Patent EP1572962.JD087828 - Sequence 68852 from Patent EP1572962.JD345950 - Sequence 326974 from Patent EP1572962.X15149 - Human mRNA for dystrophin isoform (partial).CU688550 - Synthetic construct Homo sapiens gateway clone IMAGE:100018376 5' read DMD mRNA.S38776 - Homo sapiens dystrophin (DMD) mRNA, partial cds, alternatively spliced.S42206 - DMD=dystrophin {alternative first exon} [human, mRNA Partial, 120 nt].S62617 - dystrophin gene {alternatively spliced} [human, peripheral nerve, mRNA Partial, 106 nt].HZ042055 - JP 2015509922-A/12: RNA modulating oligonucleotides with improved characteristics for the treatment of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy.MA268244 - JP 2018050617-A/12: RNA modulating oligonucleotides with improved characteristics for the treatment of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy.HZ042054 - JP 2015509922-A/11: RNA modulating oligonucleotides with improved characteristics for the treatment of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy.MA268243 - JP 2018050617-A/11: RNA modulating oligonucleotides with improved characteristics for the treatment of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy.HZ042053 - JP 2015509922-A/10: RNA modulating oligonucleotides with improved characteristics for the treatment of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy.MA268242 - JP 2018050617-A/10: RNA modulating oligonucleotides with improved characteristics for the treatment of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy.AF533682 - Homo sapiens IL1RAPL1/dystrophin fusion protein mRNA, partial cds.AX306789 - Sequence 2 from Patent EP1160318.AX399636 - Sequence 4 from Patent EP1191098.BD128308 - Remedy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy.BD181305 - Medicament for treatment of duchenne muscular dystrophy.CS114466 - Sequence 2 from Patent EP1544297.HV590036 - JP 2010268815-A/2: Pharmaceutical Composition for Treatment of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.HZ042052 - JP 2015509922-A/9: RNA modulating oligonucleotides with improved characteristics for the treatment of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy.MA268241 - JP 2018050617-A/9: RNA modulating oligonucleotides with improved characteristics for the treatment of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy.HZ042051 - JP 2015509922-A/8: RNA modulating oligonucleotides with improved characteristics for the treatment of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy.MA268240 - JP 2018050617-A/8: RNA modulating oligonucleotides with improved characteristics for the treatment of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy.JD240743 - Sequence 221767 from Patent EP1572962.HZ042050 - JP 2015509922-A/7: RNA modulating oligonucleotides with improved characteristics for the treatment of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy.MA268239 - JP 2018050617-A/7: RNA modulating oligonucleotides with improved characteristics for the treatment of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy.HZ042049 - JP 2015509922-A/6: RNA modulating oligonucleotides with improved characteristics for the treatment of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy.MA268238 - JP 2018050617-A/6: RNA modulating oligonucleotides with improved characteristics for the treatment of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy.JD310625 - Sequence 291649 from Patent EP1572962.HZ387853 - JP 2015522275-A/1584: Oligonucleotide for the treatment of muscular dystrophy patients.HZ042048 - JP 2015509922-A/5: RNA modulating oligonucleotides with improved characteristics for the treatment of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy.MA268237 - JP 2018050617-A/5: RNA modulating oligonucleotides with improved characteristics for the treatment of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy.JD084855 - Sequence 65879 from Patent EP1572962.JD284249 - Sequence 265273 from Patent EP1572962.HZ042047 - JP 2015509922-A/4: RNA modulating oligonucleotides with improved characteristics for the treatment of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy.MA268236 - JP 2018050617-A/4: RNA modulating oligonucleotides with improved characteristics for the treatment of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy.HZ387854 - JP 2015522275-A/1585: Oligonucleotide for the treatment of muscular dystrophy patients.JD335191 - Sequence 316215 from Patent EP1572962.HZ042046 - JP 2015509922-A/3: RNA modulating oligonucleotides with improved characteristics for the treatment of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy.MA268235 - JP 2018050617-A/3: RNA modulating oligonucleotides with improved characteristics for the treatment of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy.JD093653 - Sequence 74677 from Patent EP1572962.HZ042045 - JP 2015509922-A/2: RNA modulating oligonucleotides with improved characteristics for the treatment of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy.MA268234 - JP 2018050617-A/2: RNA modulating oligonucleotides with improved characteristics for the treatment of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy.JD168924 - Sequence 149948 from Patent EP1572962.S60091 - dystrophin {exon 43 directly spliced to exon 45} [human, lymphocytes, mRNA Partial Mutant, 70 nt].HZ042044 - JP 2015509922-A/1: RNA modulating oligonucleotides with improved characteristics for the treatment of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy.MA268233 - JP 2018050617-A/1: RNA modulating oligonucleotides with improved characteristics for the treatment of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy.AX306788 - Sequence 1 from Patent EP1160318.AX399635 - Sequence 3 from Patent EP1191098.BD128307 - Remedy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy.BD181304 - Medicament for treatment of duchenne muscular dystrophy.CS114465 - Sequence 1 from Patent EP1544297.HV590035 - JP 2010268815-A/1: Pharmaceutical Composition for Treatment of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.MN602429 - Homo sapiens isolate 215 dystrophin (DMD) mRNA, partial cds, alternatively spliced.M63073 - Human Duchenne muscular dystrophy protein (DMD) mRNA, 5' end.HZ387377 - JP 2015522275-A/1108: Oligonucleotide for the treatment of muscular dystrophy patients.HZ387376 - JP 2015522275-A/1107: Oligonucleotide for the treatment of muscular dystrophy patients.S71486 - dystrophin [human, Duchenne muscular dystrophy patient, mRNA Partial Mutant, 162 nt].S43366 - dystrophin {point mutation} [human, mRNA Partial Mutant, 33 nt].JD355899 - Sequence 336923 from Patent EP1572962.S64152 - dystrophin {5' region, alternatively spliced} [human, cerebellar Purkinje neurons, mRNA Partial, 320 nt].JD062360 - Sequence 43384 from Patent EP1572962.JD349678 - Sequence 330702 from Patent EP1572962.JD234835 - Sequence 215859 from Patent EP1572962.JD448779 - Sequence 429803 from Patent EP1572962.JD413955 - Sequence 394979 from Patent EP1572962.
Biochemical and Signaling Pathways
BioCarta from NCI Cancer Genome Anatomy Project h_agrPathway - Agrin in Postsynaptic Differentiation
Other Names for This Gene
Alternate Gene Symbols: A0A075B6G3, A0A075B6G3_HUMAN, DMD , ENST00000357033.1, ENST00000357033.2, ENST00000357033.3, ENST00000357033.4, ENST00000357033.5, ENST00000357033.6, ENST00000357033.7, ENST00000357033.8, NM_004006, uc317zvn.1, uc317zvn.2UCSC ID: ENST00000357033.9_13RefSeq Accession: NM_004006.3
GeneReviews for This Gene
GeneReviews article(s) related to gene DMD:ahc dbmd dcm-ov
Gene Model Information
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for a detailed description of the fields of the table above.
Methods, Credits, and Use Restrictions
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for details on how this gene model was made and data restrictions if any.
US Server
Sequence and Links to Tools and Databases 
Common Gene Haplotype Alleles 