ID:CYC_HUMAN DESCRIPTION: RecName: Full=Cytochrome c; FUNCTION: Electron carrier protein. The oxidized form of the cytochrome c heme group can accept an electron from the heme group of the cytochrome c1 subunit of cytochrome reductase. Cytochrome c then transfers this electron to the cytochrome oxidase complex, the final protein carrier in the mitochondrial electron-transport chain. FUNCTION: Plays a role in apoptosis. Suppression of the anti- apoptotic members or activation of the pro-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family leads to altered mitochondrial membrane permeability resulting in release of cytochrome c into the cytosol. Binding of cytochrome c to Apaf-1 triggers the activation of caspase-9, which then accelerates apoptosis by activating other caspases. INTERACTION: O14727:APAF1; NbExp=6; IntAct=EBI-446479, EBI-446492; SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Mitochondrion intermembrane space. Note=Loosely associated with the inner membrane. PTM: Binds 1 heme group per subunit. PTM: Phosphorylation at Tyr-49 and Tyr-98 both reduce by half the turnover in the reaction with cytochrome c oxidase, down- regulating mitochondrial respiration (By similarity). DISEASE: Defects in CYCS are the cause of thrombocytopenia type 4 (THC4) [MIM:612004]; also known as autosomal dominant thrombocytopenia type 4. Thrombocytopenia is the presence of relatively few platelets in blood. THC4 is a non-syndromic form of thrombocytopenia. Clinical manifestations of thrombocytopenia are absent or mild. THC4 may be caused by dysregulated platelet formation. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the cytochrome c family. WEB RESOURCE: Name=Protein Spotlight; Note=Life shuttle - Issue 76 of November 2006; URL="http://web.expasy.org/spotlight/back_issues/sptlt076.shtml";
The RNAfold program from the Vienna RNA Package is used to perform the secondary structure predictions and folding calculations. The estimated folding energy is in kcal/mol. The more negative the energy, the more secondary structure the RNA is likely to have.
ModBase Predicted Comparative 3D Structure on P99999
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Orthologous Genes in Other Species
Orthologies between human, mouse, and rat are computed by taking the best BLASTP hit, and filtering out non-syntenic hits. For more distant species reciprocal-best BLASTP hits are used. Note that the absence of an ortholog in the table below may reflect incomplete annotations in the other species rather than a true absence of the orthologous gene.
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations with Structured Vocabulary
Molecular Function: GO:0005515 protein binding GO:0009055 electron carrier activity GO:0020037 heme binding GO:0045155 electron transporter, transferring electrons from CoQH2-cytochrome c reductase complex and cytochrome c oxidase complex activity GO:0046872 metal ion binding GO:0004722 protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity
Biological Process: GO:0006122 mitochondrial electron transport, ubiquinol to cytochrome c GO:0006123 mitochondrial electron transport, cytochrome c to oxygen GO:0006470 protein dephosphorylation GO:0006915 apoptotic process GO:0007005 mitochondrion organization GO:0008635 activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process by cytochrome c GO:0034599 cellular response to oxidative stress GO:0045333 cellular respiration GO:0055114 oxidation-reduction process GO:0097193 intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway
JD442834 - Sequence 423858 from Patent EP1572962. JD446349 - Sequence 427373 from Patent EP1572962. JD291734 - Sequence 272758 from Patent EP1572962. JD446348 - Sequence 427372 from Patent EP1572962. AK056360 - Homo sapiens cDNA FLJ31798 fis, clone NT2RI2009005. LF207137 - JP 2014500723-A/14640: Polycomb-Associated Non-Coding RNAs. AL713681 - Homo sapiens mRNA; cDNA DKFZp761O0217 (from clone DKFZp761O0217). JD101411 - Sequence 82435 from Patent EP1572962. JD269536 - Sequence 250560 from Patent EP1572962. JD229989 - Sequence 211013 from Patent EP1572962. JD281949 - Sequence 262973 from Patent EP1572962. JD296376 - Sequence 277400 from Patent EP1572962. JD093038 - Sequence 74062 from Patent EP1572962. JD184167 - Sequence 165191 from Patent EP1572962. JD207967 - Sequence 188991 from Patent EP1572962. JD074281 - Sequence 55305 from Patent EP1572962. JD373597 - Sequence 354621 from Patent EP1572962. JD430595 - Sequence 411619 from Patent EP1572962. JD430596 - Sequence 411620 from Patent EP1572962. JD217831 - Sequence 198855 from Patent EP1572962. JD421970 - Sequence 402994 from Patent EP1572962. JD048067 - Sequence 29091 from Patent EP1572962. JD325558 - Sequence 306582 from Patent EP1572962. JD286168 - Sequence 267192 from Patent EP1572962. JD427937 - Sequence 408961 from Patent EP1572962. JD410499 - Sequence 391523 from Patent EP1572962. JD219396 - Sequence 200420 from Patent EP1572962. JD176848 - Sequence 157872 from Patent EP1572962. JD334351 - Sequence 315375 from Patent EP1572962. JD107496 - Sequence 88520 from Patent EP1572962. JD078214 - Sequence 59238 from Patent EP1572962. JD270461 - Sequence 251485 from Patent EP1572962. JD504413 - Sequence 485437 from Patent EP1572962. JD132537 - Sequence 113561 from Patent EP1572962. JD511847 - Sequence 492871 from Patent EP1572962. JD321987 - Sequence 303011 from Patent EP1572962. JD095290 - Sequence 76314 from Patent EP1572962. JD271415 - Sequence 252439 from Patent EP1572962. JD423483 - Sequence 404507 from Patent EP1572962. JD200624 - Sequence 181648 from Patent EP1572962. JD523656 - Sequence 504680 from Patent EP1572962. JD351795 - Sequence 332819 from Patent EP1572962. JD448381 - Sequence 429405 from Patent EP1572962. JD541216 - Sequence 522240 from Patent EP1572962. JD300624 - Sequence 281648 from Patent EP1572962. JD494287 - Sequence 475311 from Patent EP1572962. JD114579 - Sequence 95603 from Patent EP1572962. JD374350 - Sequence 355374 from Patent EP1572962. JD506294 - Sequence 487318 from Patent EP1572962. JD356586 - Sequence 337610 from Patent EP1572962. JD415068 - Sequence 396092 from Patent EP1572962. JD476834 - Sequence 457858 from Patent EP1572962. JD379815 - Sequence 360839 from Patent EP1572962. JD330333 - Sequence 311357 from Patent EP1572962. JD205337 - Sequence 186361 from Patent EP1572962. JD243647 - Sequence 224671 from Patent EP1572962. JD352390 - Sequence 333414 from Patent EP1572962. JD048099 - Sequence 29123 from Patent EP1572962. JD363206 - Sequence 344230 from Patent EP1572962. JD450509 - Sequence 431533 from Patent EP1572962. JD534090 - Sequence 515114 from Patent EP1572962. JD229336 - Sequence 210360 from Patent EP1572962. JD289145 - Sequence 270169 from Patent EP1572962. JD300170 - Sequence 281194 from Patent EP1572962. JD404166 - Sequence 385190 from Patent EP1572962. JD127390 - Sequence 108414 from Patent EP1572962. JD457911 - Sequence 438935 from Patent EP1572962. JD457359 - Sequence 438383 from Patent EP1572962. JD457358 - Sequence 438382 from Patent EP1572962. JD457357 - Sequence 438381 from Patent EP1572962. JD522981 - Sequence 504005 from Patent EP1572962. JD405608 - Sequence 386632 from Patent EP1572962. JD404165 - Sequence 385189 from Patent EP1572962. JD334358 - Sequence 315382 from Patent EP1572962. JD107507 - Sequence 88531 from Patent EP1572962. JD535803 - Sequence 516827 from Patent EP1572962. JD456221 - Sequence 437245 from Patent EP1572962. JD507401 - Sequence 488425 from Patent EP1572962. JD538276 - Sequence 519300 from Patent EP1572962. JD252515 - Sequence 233539 from Patent EP1572962. JD212242 - Sequence 193266 from Patent EP1572962. JD522902 - Sequence 503926 from Patent EP1572962. JD232595 - Sequence 213619 from Patent EP1572962. JD283757 - Sequence 264781 from Patent EP1572962. JD427736 - Sequence 408760 from Patent EP1572962. JD467445 - Sequence 448469 from Patent EP1572962. JD141030 - Sequence 122054 from Patent EP1572962. JD227532 - Sequence 208556 from Patent EP1572962. JD522901 - Sequence 503925 from Patent EP1572962. JD547570 - Sequence 528594 from Patent EP1572962. JD522900 - Sequence 503924 from Patent EP1572962. JD161501 - Sequence 142525 from Patent EP1572962. JD547569 - Sequence 528593 from Patent EP1572962. JD045007 - Sequence 26031 from Patent EP1572962. JD203530 - Sequence 184554 from Patent EP1572962. JD498145 - Sequence 479169 from Patent EP1572962. JD226214 - Sequence 207238 from Patent EP1572962. JD262922 - Sequence 243946 from Patent EP1572962. JD058724 - Sequence 39748 from Patent EP1572962. JD370754 - Sequence 351778 from Patent EP1572962. JD339808 - Sequence 320832 from Patent EP1572962. BC068464 - Homo sapiens cytochrome c, somatic, mRNA (cDNA clone MGC:87065 IMAGE:4826114), complete cds. BC024216 - Homo sapiens cytochrome c, somatic, mRNA (cDNA clone IMAGE:4824157). BC021994 - Homo sapiens cytochrome c, somatic, mRNA (cDNA clone MGC:24510 IMAGE:4096609), complete cds. BC009582 - Homo sapiens cytochrome c, somatic, mRNA (cDNA clone MGC:14636 IMAGE:4082112), complete cds. BC008477 - Homo sapiens cytochrome c, somatic, mRNA (cDNA clone MGC:14765 IMAGE:4290897), complete cds. LF362339 - JP 2014500723-A/169842: Polycomb-Associated Non-Coding RNAs. BC005299 - Homo sapiens cytochrome c, somatic, mRNA (cDNA clone MGC:12367 IMAGE:3838954), complete cds. BC009578 - Homo sapiens cytochrome c, somatic, mRNA (cDNA clone MGC:14602 IMAGE:3961416), complete cds. BC008475 - Homo sapiens cytochrome c, somatic, mRNA (cDNA clone MGC:14760 IMAGE:4284529), complete cds. D00265 - Homo sapiens mRNA for cytochrome c, partial cds. BC009602 - Homo sapiens cytochrome c, somatic, mRNA (cDNA clone MGC:14694 IMAGE:4134675), complete cds. BC016006 - Homo sapiens cytochrome c, somatic, mRNA (cDNA clone MGC:27280 IMAGE:4656402), complete cds. BC071761 - Homo sapiens cytochrome c, somatic, mRNA (cDNA clone MGC:88380 IMAGE:4656503), complete cds. BC070346 - Homo sapiens cytochrome c, somatic, mRNA (cDNA clone MGC:88352 IMAGE:3826017), complete cds. BC009607 - Homo sapiens cytochrome c, somatic, mRNA (cDNA clone MGC:14763 IMAGE:4287362), complete cds. BC014359 - Homo sapiens cytochrome c, somatic, mRNA (cDNA clone MGC:24234 IMAGE:3930323), complete cds. BC014361 - Homo sapiens cytochrome c, somatic, mRNA (cDNA clone MGC:24243 IMAGE:3931721), complete cds. BC070156 - Homo sapiens cytochrome c, somatic, mRNA (cDNA clone MGC:88136 IMAGE:6451982), complete cds. BC009579 - Homo sapiens cytochrome c, somatic, mRNA (cDNA clone MGC:14603 IMAGE:4045034), complete cds. BC009587 - Homo sapiens cytochrome c, somatic, mRNA (cDNA clone MGC:14650 IMAGE:4096763), complete cds. LF362340 - JP 2014500723-A/169843: Polycomb-Associated Non-Coding RNAs. JD233896 - Sequence 214920 from Patent EP1572962. JD507749 - Sequence 488773 from Patent EP1572962. JD369416 - Sequence 350440 from Patent EP1572962. BC022330 - Homo sapiens cytochrome c, somatic, mRNA (cDNA clone MGC:22759 IMAGE:4280695), complete cds. BC015130 - Homo sapiens cytochrome c, somatic, mRNA (cDNA clone MGC:24248 IMAGE:3932265), complete cds. BC067222 - Homo sapiens cytochrome c, somatic, mRNA (cDNA clone MGC:72005 IMAGE:3685258), complete cds. JD263598 - Sequence 244622 from Patent EP1572962. JD300901 - Sequence 281925 from Patent EP1572962. JD241296 - Sequence 222320 from Patent EP1572962. JD499360 - Sequence 480384 from Patent EP1572962. JD409707 - Sequence 390731 from Patent EP1572962. JD113152 - Sequence 94176 from Patent EP1572962. JD357050 - Sequence 338074 from Patent EP1572962. LF362342 - JP 2014500723-A/169845: Polycomb-Associated Non-Coding RNAs. JD410955 - Sequence 391979 from Patent EP1572962. CR542175 - Homo sapiens full open reading frame cDNA clone RZPDo834B1024D for gene CYCS, cytochrome c, somatic; complete cds, incl. stopcodon. AK311836 - Homo sapiens cDNA, FLJ92098, Homo sapiens cytochrome c (HCS), mRNA. DQ893038 - Synthetic construct clone IMAGE:100005668; FLH192890.01X; RZPDo839A0678D cytochrome c, somatic (CYCS) gene, encodes complete protein. BT006946 - Homo sapiens cytochrome c, somatic mRNA, complete cds. KJ894012 - Synthetic construct Homo sapiens clone ccsbBroadEn_03406 CYCS gene, encodes complete protein. KJ898971 - Synthetic construct Homo sapiens clone ccsbBroadEn_08365 CYCS gene, encodes complete protein. KR710178 - Synthetic construct Homo sapiens clone CCSBHm_00010208 CYCS (CYCS) mRNA, encodes complete protein. DQ896279 - Synthetic construct Homo sapiens clone IMAGE:100010739; FLH192886.01L; RZPDo839A0668D cytochrome c, somatic (CYCS) gene, encodes complete protein. AB489158 - Synthetic construct DNA, clone: pF1KB3400, Homo sapiens CYCS gene for cytochrome c, somatic, without stop codon, in Flexi system. AM393213 - Synthetic construct Homo sapiens clone IMAGE:100001942 for hypothetical protein (CYCS gene). AM393423 - Synthetic construct Homo sapiens clone IMAGE:100001911 for hypothetical protein (CYCS gene). LF362343 - JP 2014500723-A/169846: Polycomb-Associated Non-Coding RNAs. LF362344 - JP 2014500723-A/169847: Polycomb-Associated Non-Coding RNAs. JD289248 - Sequence 270272 from Patent EP1572962. MA442714 - JP 2018138019-A/14640: Polycomb-Associated Non-Coding RNAs. MA597916 - JP 2018138019-A/169842: Polycomb-Associated Non-Coding RNAs. MA597917 - JP 2018138019-A/169843: Polycomb-Associated Non-Coding RNAs. MA597919 - JP 2018138019-A/169845: Polycomb-Associated Non-Coding RNAs. MA597920 - JP 2018138019-A/169846: Polycomb-Associated Non-Coding RNAs. MA597921 - JP 2018138019-A/169847: Polycomb-Associated Non-Coding RNAs.
Biochemical and Signaling Pathways
BioCyc Knowledge Library PWY-8145 - cytochrome c biogenesis
Reactome (by CSHL, EBI, and GO)
Protein P99999 (Reactome details) participates in the following event(s):
R-HSA-114254 Cytochrome C Binds to Apaf-1 R-HSA-114284 Release of Cytochrome c from mitochondria R-HSA-5688294 SIRT5 deacetylates Cytochrome C R-HSA-114256 Cytochrome C:Apaf-1 binds Procaspase-9 R-HSA-164651 Electron transfer from ubiquinol to cytochrome c of complex III R-HSA-3341294 Superoxide reduces cytochrome c R-HSA-163214 Electron transfer from reduced cytochrome c to molecular oxygen R-HSA-114259 Cleavage of Procaspase-9 to Caspase-9 R-HSA-114252 Cleavage of Procaspase-3 by the apoptosome R-HSA-114261 Cleavage of Procaspase-7 by the apoptosome R-HSA-111458 Formation of apoptosome R-HSA-111457 Release of apoptotic factors from the mitochondria R-HSA-2151201 Transcriptional activation of mitochondrial biogenesis R-HSA-111461 Cytochrome c-mediated apoptotic response R-HSA-109606 Intrinsic Pathway for Apoptosis R-HSA-1592230 Mitochondrial biogenesis R-HSA-611105 Respiratory electron transport R-HSA-3299685 Detoxification of Reactive Oxygen Species R-HSA-5628897 TP53 Regulates Metabolic Genes R-HSA-111471 Apoptotic factor-mediated response R-HSA-109581 Apoptosis R-HSA-1852241 Organelle biogenesis and maintenance R-HSA-163200 Respiratory electron transport, ATP synthesis by chemiosmotic coupling, and heat production by uncoupling proteins. R-HSA-2262752 Cellular responses to stress R-HSA-3700989 Transcriptional Regulation by TP53 R-HSA-111459 Activation of caspases through apoptosome-mediated cleavage R-HSA-5357801 Programmed Cell Death R-HSA-1428517 The citric acid (TCA) cycle and respiratory electron transport R-HSA-8953897 Cellular responses to external stimuli R-HSA-212436 Generic Transcription Pathway R-HSA-1430728 Metabolism R-HSA-73857 RNA Polymerase II Transcription R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription)
US Server
Sequence and Links to Tools and Databases 
Common Gene Haplotype Alleles 
