ID:EPO_HUMAN DESCRIPTION: RecName: Full=Erythropoietin; AltName: INN=Epoetin; Flags: Precursor; FUNCTION: Erythropoietin is the principal hormone involved in the regulation of erythrocyte differentiation and the maintenance of a physiological level of circulating erythrocyte mass. INTERACTION: P19235:EPOR; NbExp=2; IntAct=EBI-1027362, EBI-617321; SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted. TISSUE SPECIFICITY: Produced by kidney or liver of adult mammals and by liver of fetal or neonatal mammals. DISEASE: Genetic variation in EPO is associated with susceptbility to microvascular complications of diabetes type 2 (MVCD2) [MIM:612623]. These are pathological conditions that develop in numerous tissues and organs as a consequence of diabetes mellitus. They include diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy leading to end-stage renal disease, and diabetic neuropathy. Diabetic retinopathy remains the major cause of new-onset blindness among diabetic adults. It is characterized by vascular permeability and increased tissue ischemia and angiogenesis. PHARMACEUTICAL: Used for the treatment of anemia. Available under the names Epogen (Amgen), Epogin (Chugai), Epomax (Elanex), Eprex (Janssen-Cilag), NeoRecormon or Recormon (Roche), Dynepo (Shire Pharmaceuticals) and Procrit (Ortho Biotech). Variations in the glycosylation pattern of EPO distinguishes these products. Epogen, Epogin, Eprex and Procrit are generically known as epoetin alfa, NeoRecormon and Recormon as epoetin beta, Dynepo as epoetin delta and Epomax as epoetin omega. Epoetin zeta is the name used for some 'biosimilars' forms of epoetin alfa and is available under the names Silapo (Stada) and Retacrit (Hospira). Darbepoetin alfa is a form created by 5 substitutions (Asn-57, Thr-59, Val-114, Asn-115 and Thr-117) that create 2 new N-glycosylation sites. It has a longer circulating half-life in vivo. It is available under the name Aranesp (Amgen). EPO is being much misused as a performance-enhancing drug in endurance athletes. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the EPO/TPO family. WEB RESOURCE: Name=R&D Systems' cytokine source book: Erythropoietin; URL="http://www.rndsystems.com/molecule_detail.aspx?m=1405"; WEB RESOURCE: Name=Wikipedia; Note=Erythropoietin entry; URL="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythropoietin";
The RNAfold program from the Vienna RNA Package is used to perform the secondary structure predictions and folding calculations. The estimated folding energy is in kcal/mol. The more negative the energy, the more secondary structure the RNA is likely to have.
ModBase Predicted Comparative 3D Structure on P01588
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Orthologous Genes in Other Species
Orthologies between human, mouse, and rat are computed by taking the best BLASTP hit, and filtering out non-syntenic hits. For more distant species reciprocal-best BLASTP hits are used. Note that the absence of an ortholog in the table below may reflect incomplete annotations in the other species rather than a true absence of the orthologous gene.
Biological Process: GO:0000122 negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter GO:0001666 response to hypoxia GO:0006357 regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter GO:0006915 apoptotic process GO:0006953 acute-phase response GO:0007165 signal transduction GO:0007566 embryo implantation GO:0007568 aging GO:0007584 response to nutrient GO:0008015 blood circulation GO:0008283 cell proliferation GO:0008284 positive regulation of cell proliferation GO:0009651 response to salt stress GO:0010469 regulation of receptor activity GO:0010523 negative regulation of calcium ion transport into cytosol GO:0010976 positive regulation of neuron projection development GO:0018105 peptidyl-serine phosphorylation GO:0030218 erythrocyte differentiation GO:0032147 activation of protein kinase activity GO:0032496 response to lipopolysaccharide GO:0033033 negative regulation of myeloid cell apoptotic process GO:0033189 response to vitamin A GO:0033574 response to testosterone GO:0038162 erythropoietin-mediated signaling pathway GO:0042104 positive regulation of activated T cell proliferation GO:0042531 positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein GO:0042541 hemoglobin biosynthetic process GO:0043066 negative regulation of apoptotic process GO:0043249 erythrocyte maturation GO:0043627 response to estrogen GO:0045666 positive regulation of neuron differentiation GO:0045860 positive regulation of protein kinase activity GO:0045893 positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated GO:0046579 positive regulation of Ras protein signal transduction GO:0048678 response to axon injury GO:0051602 response to electrical stimulus GO:0055093 response to hyperoxia GO:0061418 regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to hypoxia GO:0070374 positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade GO:0070555 response to interleukin-1 GO:0071474 cellular hyperosmotic response GO:0071548 response to dexamethasone GO:1901215 negative regulation of neuron death GO:1902219 negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to osmotic stress GO:1902251 negative regulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process GO:2001258 negative regulation of cation channel activity
E00630 - DNA encoding human erythropoietin. X02157 - Human mRNA for fetal erythropoietin. JD116112 - Sequence 97136 from Patent EP1572962. JD392109 - Sequence 373133 from Patent EP1572962. BC093628 - Homo sapiens erythropoietin, mRNA (cDNA clone MGC:120663 IMAGE:7939473), complete cds. BC111937 - Homo sapiens erythropoietin, mRNA (cDNA clone MGC:138142 IMAGE:8327405), complete cds. BC143225 - Homo sapiens erythropoietin, mRNA (cDNA clone MGC:176743 IMAGE:9051726), complete cds. JD461839 - Sequence 442863 from Patent EP1572962. AB463610 - Synthetic construct DNA, clone: pF1KB6846, Homo sapiens EPO gene for erythropoietin, without stop codon, in Flexi system. KF178447 - Homo sapiens isolate NS.13 erythropoietin mRNA, complete cds. KJ891118 - Synthetic construct Homo sapiens clone ccsbBroadEn_00512 EPO gene, encodes complete protein. HW649485 - JP 2014523870-A/4: CLEAVABLE LIPIDS. HW649495 - JP 2014523411-A/3: LIPID NANOPARTICLE COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR MRNA DELIVERY. HZ189936 - JP 2015519301-A/1: Ionizable Cationic Lipids. JB074620 - Sequence 3 from Patent WO2012170930. JB074632 - Sequence 4 from Patent WO2012170889. JC570529 - Sequence 3 from Patent WO2014089486. JN849371 - Homo sapiens erythropoietin mRNA, complete cds. LP056567 - Sequence 1 from Patent EP2830595. LQ790605 - Sequence 4 from Patent EP3336082. LQ850111 - Sequence 4 from Patent EP3354644. MA155777 - JP 2017014278-A/3: LIPID NANOPARTICLE COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR MRNA DELIVERY. MA156906 - JP 2017019857-A/4: CLEAVABLE LIPIDS. MA347443 - JP 2018506542-A/17: NUCLEIC ACID PRODUCTS AND METHODS OF ADMINISTRATION THEREOF. S65458 - Homo sapiens mutant erythropoietin mRNA, partial cds. JD546966 - Sequence 527990 from Patent EP1572962. JD425553 - Sequence 406577 from Patent EP1572962. JD414580 - Sequence 395604 from Patent EP1572962. JD414420 - Sequence 395444 from Patent EP1572962. JD194990 - Sequence 176014 from Patent EP1572962. JD352172 - Sequence 333196 from Patent EP1572962. JD380415 - Sequence 361439 from Patent EP1572962. JD064168 - Sequence 45192 from Patent EP1572962. JD177089 - Sequence 158113 from Patent EP1572962. JD515304 - Sequence 496328 from Patent EP1572962. JD316942 - Sequence 297966 from Patent EP1572962. JD564790 - Sequence 545814 from Patent EP1572962. JD093427 - Sequence 74451 from Patent EP1572962. JD522802 - Sequence 503826 from Patent EP1572962. JD411491 - Sequence 392515 from Patent EP1572962. JD385820 - Sequence 366844 from Patent EP1572962. JD473248 - Sequence 454272 from Patent EP1572962. MA890446 - JP 2017203045-A/3: LIPID NANOPARTICLE COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR MRNA DELIVERY. MB437423 - JP 2018095653-A/1: Ionizable Cationic Lipids. MB447295 - JP 2018141006-A/4: CLEAVABLE LIPIDS. MP440716 - Sequence 3 from Patent EP3586861. MP559897 - Sequence 3 from Patent EP3628335.
Biochemical and Signaling Pathways
BioCarta from NCI Cancer Genome Anatomy Project h_eponfkbPathway - Erythropoietin mediated neuroprotection through NF-kB h_erythPathway - Erythrocyte Differentiation Pathway h_epoPathway - EPO Signaling Pathway h_hifPathway - Hypoxia-Inducible Factor in the Cardiovascular System h_stemPathway - Regulation of hematopoiesis by cytokines
Reactome (by CSHL, EBI, and GO)
Protein P01588 (Reactome details) participates in the following event(s):
R-HSA-1234158 Regulation of gene expression by Hypoxia-inducible Factor R-HSA-1234174 Regulation of Hypoxia-inducible Factor (HIF) by oxygen R-HSA-2262749 Cellular response to hypoxia R-HSA-2262752 Cellular responses to stress R-HSA-8953897 Cellular responses to external stimuli
US Server
Sequence and Links to Tools and Databases 
Common Gene Haplotype Alleles 
