Human Gene GAL (ENST00000265643.4_4) from GENCODE V47lift37
  Description: galanin and GMAP prepropeptide (from RefSeq NM_015973.5)
Gencode Transcript: ENST00000265643.4_4
Gencode Gene: ENSG00000069482.7_7
Transcript (Including UTRs)
   Position: hg19 chr11:68,452,012-68,458,643 Size: 6,632 Total Exon Count: 6 Strand: +
Coding Region
   Position: hg19 chr11:68,452,392-68,458,455 Size: 6,064 Coding Exon Count: 5 

Page IndexSequence and LinksUniProtKB CommentsPrimersMalaCardsCTD
Gene AllelesRNA-Seq ExpressionMicroarray ExpressionRNA StructureProtein StructureOther Species
GO AnnotationsmRNA DescriptionsPathwaysOther NamesModel InformationMethods
Data last updated at UCSC: 2024-08-22 23:36:26

-  Sequence and Links to Tools and Databases
 
Genomic Sequence (chr11:68,452,012-68,458,643)mRNA (may differ from genome)Protein (123 aa)
Gene SorterGenome BrowserOther Species FASTAVisiGeneGene interactionsTable Schema
AlphaFoldBioGPSEnsemblEntrez GeneExonPrimerGeneCards
HGNCMalacardsMGIOMIMPubMedReactome
UniProtKBWikipediaBioGrid CRISPR DB

-  Comments and Description Text from UniProtKB
  ID: GALA_HUMAN
DESCRIPTION: RecName: Full=Galanin peptides; Contains: RecName: Full=Galanin; Contains: RecName: Full=Galanin message-associated peptide; Short=GMAP; Flags: Precursor;
FUNCTION: Contracts smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract, regulates growth hormone release, modulates insulin release, and may be involved in the control of adrenal secretion.
SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted.
SIMILARITY: Belongs to the galanin family.

-  Primer design for this transcript
 

Primer3Plus can design qPCR Primers that straddle exon-exon-junctions, which amplify only cDNA, not genomic DNA.
Click here to load the transcript sequence and exon structure into Primer3Plus

Exonprimer can design one pair of Sanger sequencing primers around every exon, located in non-genic sequence.
Click here to open Exonprimer with this transcript

To design primers for a non-coding sequence, zoom to a region of interest and select from the drop-down menu: View > In External Tools > Primer3


-  MalaCards Disease Associations
  MalaCards Gene Search: GAL
Diseases sorted by gene-association score: epilepsy, familial temporal lobe, 8* (1280), adjustment disorder (17), mononeuropathy (9), hyperprolactinemia (7), status epilepticus (7), epilepsy (5), trophoblastic neoplasm (5), brachial plexus lesion (4), acromegaly (3), obesity (1)
* = Manually curated disease association

-  Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD)
  The following chemicals interact with this gene

+  Common Gene Haplotype Alleles
  Press "+" in the title bar above to open this section.

-  RNA-Seq Expression Data from GTEx (53 Tissues, 570 Donors)
  Highest median expression: 309.65 RPKM in Pituitary
Total median expression: 347.95 RPKM



View in GTEx track of Genome Browser    View at GTEx portal     View GTEx Body Map

+  Microarray Expression Data
  Press "+" in the title bar above to open this section.

-  mRNA Secondary Structure of 3' and 5' UTRs
 
RegionFold EnergyBasesEnergy/Base
Display As
5' UTR -76.30189-0.404 Picture PostScript Text
3' UTR -35.80188-0.190 Picture PostScript Text

The RNAfold program from the Vienna RNA Package is used to perform the secondary structure predictions and folding calculations. The estimated folding energy is in kcal/mol. The more negative the energy, the more secondary structure the RNA is likely to have.

-  Protein Domain and Structure Information
  InterPro Domains: Graphical view of domain structure
IPR008174 - Galanin
IPR008175 - Galanin_pre
IPR013068 - GMAP

Pfam Domains:
PF01296 - Galanin
PF06540 - Galanin message associated peptide (GMAP)

ModBase Predicted Comparative 3D Structure on P22466
FrontTopSide
The pictures above may be empty if there is no ModBase structure for the protein. The ModBase structure frequently covers just a fragment of the protein. You may be asked to log onto ModBase the first time you click on the pictures. It is simplest after logging in to just click on the picture again to get to the specific info on that model.

-  Orthologous Genes in Other Species
  Orthologies between human, mouse, and rat are computed by taking the best BLASTP hit, and filtering out non-syntenic hits. For more distant species reciprocal-best BLASTP hits are used. Note that the absence of an ortholog in the table below may reflect incomplete annotations in the other species rather than a true absence of the orthologous gene.
MouseRatZebrafishD. melanogasterC. elegansS. cerevisiae
No orthologNo orthologNo orthologNo orthologNo orthologNo ortholog
Gene DetailsGene Details    
Gene SorterGene Sorter    
 RGDEnsembl   
      
      

-  Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations with Structured Vocabulary
  Molecular Function:
GO:0004966 galanin receptor activity
GO:0005179 hormone activity
GO:0005184 neuropeptide hormone activity
GO:0005515 protein binding
GO:0031764 type 1 galanin receptor binding
GO:0031765 type 2 galanin receptor binding
GO:0031766 type 3 galanin receptor binding

Biological Process:
GO:0006954 inflammatory response
GO:0007186 G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway
GO:0007218 neuropeptide signaling pathway
GO:0007399 nervous system development
GO:0007631 feeding behavior
GO:0008285 negative regulation of cell proliferation
GO:0010469 regulation of receptor activity
GO:0010737 protein kinase A signaling
GO:0019933 cAMP-mediated signaling
GO:0030073 insulin secretion
GO:0031943 regulation of glucocorticoid metabolic process
GO:0032868 response to insulin
GO:0035902 response to immobilization stress
GO:0042493 response to drug
GO:0043065 positive regulation of apoptotic process
GO:0043627 response to estrogen
GO:0045944 positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
GO:0050672 negative regulation of lymphocyte proliferation
GO:0051464 positive regulation of cortisol secretion
GO:0051795 positive regulation of catagen
GO:1902608 positive regulation of large conductance calcium-activated potassium channel activity
GO:1902891 negative regulation of root hair elongation

Cellular Component:
GO:0005576 extracellular region
GO:0005615 extracellular space
GO:0005737 cytoplasm
GO:0005794 Golgi apparatus
GO:0030141 secretory granule
GO:0043025 neuronal cell body


-  Descriptions from all associated GenBank mRNAs
  BC030241 - Homo sapiens galanin prepropeptide, mRNA (cDNA clone MGC:40167 IMAGE:5115887), complete cds.
JD124963 - Sequence 105987 from Patent EP1572962.
JD388635 - Sequence 369659 from Patent EP1572962.
JD382243 - Sequence 363267 from Patent EP1572962.
JD139861 - Sequence 120885 from Patent EP1572962.
CU688860 - Synthetic construct Homo sapiens gateway clone IMAGE:100016681 5' read GAL mRNA.
KJ898820 - Synthetic construct Homo sapiens clone ccsbBroadEn_08214 GAL gene, encodes complete protein.
M77140 - H.sapiens pro-galanin mRNA, 3' end.
AF077047 - Homo sapiens galanin-related peptide mRNA, complete cds.
JD540605 - Sequence 521629 from Patent EP1572962.
JD070620 - Sequence 51644 from Patent EP1572962.

-  Biochemical and Signaling Pathways
  Reactome (by CSHL, EBI, and GO)

Protein P22466 (Reactome details) participates in the following event(s):

R-HSA-389026 Galanin receptors can bind galanin
R-HSA-749454 The Ligand:GPCR:Gi complex dissociates
R-HSA-749456 Liganded Gi-activating GPCRs bind inactive heterotrimeric G-protein Gi
R-HSA-380073 Liganded Gi-activating GPCR acts as a GEF for Gi
R-HSA-375276 Peptide ligand-binding receptors
R-HSA-418594 G alpha (i) signalling events
R-HSA-373076 Class A/1 (Rhodopsin-like receptors)
R-HSA-388396 GPCR downstream signalling
R-HSA-500792 GPCR ligand binding
R-HSA-372790 Signaling by GPCR
R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction

-  Other Names for This Gene
  Alternate Gene Symbols: ENST00000265643.1, ENST00000265643.2, ENST00000265643.3, GAL1, GALA_HUMAN, GALN, GLNN, NM_015973, P22466, Q14413, uc317idb.1, uc317idb.2
UCSC ID: ENST00000265643.4_4
RefSeq Accession: NM_015973.5
Protein: P22466 (aka GALA_HUMAN)

-  Gene Model Information
  Click here for a detailed description of the fields of the table above.

-  Methods, Credits, and Use Restrictions
  Click here for details on how this gene model was made and data restrictions if any.