Human Gene PENK (ENST00000451791.7_7) from GENCODE V47lift37
  Description: proenkephalin (from RefSeq NM_001135690.3)
Gencode Transcript: ENST00000451791.7_7
Gencode Gene: ENSG00000181195.11_11
Transcript (Including UTRs)
   Position: hg19 chr8:57,353,516-57,359,200 Size: 5,685 Total Exon Count: 4 Strand: -
Coding Region
   Position: hg19 chr8:57,353,831-57,358,512 Size: 4,682 Coding Exon Count: 2 

Page IndexSequence and LinksUniProtKB CommentsPrimersMalaCardsCTD
Gene AllelesRNA-Seq ExpressionMicroarray ExpressionRNA StructureProtein StructureOther Species
GO AnnotationsmRNA DescriptionsPathwaysOther NamesModel InformationMethods
Data last updated at UCSC: 2024-08-22 23:36:26

-  Sequence and Links to Tools and Databases
 
Genomic Sequence (chr8:57,353,516-57,359,200)mRNA (may differ from genome)Protein (267 aa)
Gene SorterGenome BrowserOther Species FASTAVisiGeneGene interactionsTable Schema
AlphaFoldBioGPSEnsemblEntrez GeneExonPrimerGeneCards
HGNCHuman Cortex Gene ExpressionMalacardsMGIOMIMPubMed
ReactomeUniProtKBBioGrid CRISPR DB

-  Comments and Description Text from UniProtKB
  ID: PENK_HUMAN
DESCRIPTION: RecName: Full=Proenkephalin-A; Contains: RecName: Full=Synenkephalin; Contains: RecName: Full=Met-enkephalin; AltName: Full=Opioid growth factor; Short=OGF; Contains: RecName: Full=PENK(114-133); Contains: RecName: Full=PENK(143-183); Contains: RecName: Full=Met-enkephalin-Arg-Gly-Leu; Contains: RecName: Full=Leu-enkephalin; Contains: RecName: Full=PENK(237-258); Contains: RecName: Full=Met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe; Flags: Precursor;
FUNCTION: Met- and Leu-enkephalins compete with and mimic the effects of opiate drugs. They play a role in a number of physiologic functions, including pain perception and responses to stress. PENK(114-133) and PENK(237-258) increase glutamate release in the striatum. PENK(114-133) decreases GABA concentration in the striatum.
SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Secreted.
PTM: The N-terminal domain contains 6 conserved cysteines thought to be involved in disulfide bonding and/or processing.
SIMILARITY: Belongs to the opioid neuropeptide precursor family.

-  Primer design for this transcript
 

Primer3Plus can design qPCR Primers that straddle exon-exon-junctions, which amplify only cDNA, not genomic DNA.
Click here to load the transcript sequence and exon structure into Primer3Plus

Exonprimer can design one pair of Sanger sequencing primers around every exon, located in non-genic sequence.
Click here to open Exonprimer with this transcript

To design primers for a non-coding sequence, zoom to a region of interest and select from the drop-down menu: View > In External Tools > Primer3


-  MalaCards Disease Associations
  MalaCards Gene Search: PENK
Diseases sorted by gene-association score: cannabis dependence (13), radiculopathy (10), hallucinogen dependence (7), bone cancer (6), drug dependence (6), pancreatic cancer (2), parkinson disease, late-onset (1)

-  Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD)
  The following chemicals interact with this gene

+  Common Gene Haplotype Alleles
  Press "+" in the title bar above to open this section.

-  RNA-Seq Expression Data from GTEx (53 Tissues, 570 Donors)
  Highest median expression: 153.23 RPKM in Brain - Nucleus accumbens (basal ganglia)
Total median expression: 425.59 RPKM



View in GTEx track of Genome Browser    View at GTEx portal     View GTEx Body Map

+  Microarray Expression Data
  Press "+" in the title bar above to open this section.

-  mRNA Secondary Structure of 3' and 5' UTRs
 
RegionFold EnergyBasesEnergy/Base
Display As
5' UTR -44.60132-0.338 Picture PostScript Text
3' UTR -71.40315-0.227 Picture PostScript Text

The RNAfold program from the Vienna RNA Package is used to perform the secondary structure predictions and folding calculations. The estimated folding energy is in kcal/mol. The more negative the energy, the more secondary structure the RNA is likely to have.

-  Protein Domain and Structure Information
  InterPro Domains: Graphical view of domain structure
IPR006024 - Opioid_neupept
IPR000703 - Proenkphlin_A

Pfam Domains:
PF01160 - Vertebrate endogenous opioids neuropeptide

SCOP Domains:
55455 - SRF-like

Protein Data Bank (PDB) 3-D Structure
MuPIT help
1PLW - NMR 1PLX - NMR


ModBase Predicted Comparative 3D Structure on P01210
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The pictures above may be empty if there is no ModBase structure for the protein. The ModBase structure frequently covers just a fragment of the protein. You may be asked to log onto ModBase the first time you click on the pictures. It is simplest after logging in to just click on the picture again to get to the specific info on that model.

-  Orthologous Genes in Other Species
  Orthologies between human, mouse, and rat are computed by taking the best BLASTP hit, and filtering out non-syntenic hits. For more distant species reciprocal-best BLASTP hits are used. Note that the absence of an ortholog in the table below may reflect incomplete annotations in the other species rather than a true absence of the orthologous gene.
MouseRatZebrafishD. melanogasterC. elegansS. cerevisiae
No orthologNo orthologNo orthologNo orthologNo orthologNo ortholog
Gene DetailsGene Details    
Gene SorterGene Sorter    
 RGDEnsembl   
      
      

-  Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations with Structured Vocabulary
  Molecular Function:
GO:0001515 opioid peptide activity
GO:0005184 neuropeptide hormone activity
GO:0005515 protein binding
GO:0031628 opioid receptor binding

Biological Process:
GO:0001649 osteoblast differentiation
GO:0001662 behavioral fear response
GO:0001666 response to hypoxia
GO:0001964 startle response
GO:0002118 aggressive behavior
GO:0007165 signal transduction
GO:0007186 G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway
GO:0007218 neuropeptide signaling pathway
GO:0007268 chemical synaptic transmission
GO:0007568 aging
GO:0007600 sensory perception
GO:0007626 locomotory behavior
GO:0009314 response to radiation
GO:0009636 response to toxic substance
GO:0010469 regulation of receptor activity
GO:0014009 glial cell proliferation
GO:0019233 sensory perception of pain
GO:0032355 response to estradiol
GO:0032496 response to lipopolysaccharide
GO:0034599 cellular response to oxidative stress
GO:0035094 response to nicotine
GO:0035641 locomotory exploration behavior
GO:0043278 response to morphine
GO:0043687 post-translational protein modification
GO:0044267 cellular protein metabolic process
GO:0045471 response to ethanol
GO:0051592 response to calcium ion
GO:0051867 general adaptation syndrome, behavioral process
GO:0071305 cellular response to vitamin D
GO:0071320 cellular response to cAMP
GO:0071560 cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus
GO:0071871 response to epinephrine
GO:0098586 cellular response to virus
GO:2000987 positive regulation of behavioral fear response

Cellular Component:
GO:0005576 extracellular region
GO:0005788 endoplasmic reticulum lumen
GO:0005886 plasma membrane
GO:0030424 axon
GO:0030425 dendrite
GO:0032280 symmetric synapse
GO:0043025 neuronal cell body
GO:0043204 perikaryon
GO:0043679 axon terminus
GO:0070852 cell body fiber


-  Descriptions from all associated GenBank mRNAs
  LF206383 - JP 2014500723-A/13886: Polycomb-Associated Non-Coding RNAs.
JA482079 - Sequence 62 from Patent WO2011072091.
JE980371 - Sequence 62 from Patent EP2862929.
JA482078 - Sequence 61 from Patent WO2011072091.
JE980370 - Sequence 61 from Patent EP2862929.
BC032505 - Homo sapiens proenkephalin, mRNA (cDNA clone MGC:45212 IMAGE:5244387), complete cds.
LF353744 - JP 2014500723-A/161247: Polycomb-Associated Non-Coding RNAs.
CR541808 - Homo sapiens full open reading frame cDNA clone RZPDo834H0631D for gene PENK, proenkephalin; complete cds, incl. stopcodon.
AK314908 - Homo sapiens cDNA, FLJ95813, Homo sapiens proenkephalin (PENK), mRNA.
KJ891777 - Synthetic construct Homo sapiens clone ccsbBroadEn_01171 PENK gene, encodes complete protein.
KR710871 - Synthetic construct Homo sapiens clone CCSBHm_00017746 PENK (PENK) mRNA, encodes complete protein.
DQ890865 - Synthetic construct Homo sapiens clone IMAGE:100003495; FLH263555.01X; RZPDo839B0488D proenkephalin (PENK) gene, encodes complete protein.
DQ890871 - Synthetic construct clone IMAGE:100003501; FLH166670.01X; RZPDo839B1288D proenkephalin (PENK) gene, encodes complete protein.
DQ894027 - Synthetic construct Homo sapiens clone IMAGE:100008487; FLH166666.01L; RZPDo839B1287D proenkephalin (PENK) gene, encodes complete protein.
CR541828 - Homo sapiens full open reading frame cDNA clone RZPDo834B0632D for gene PENK, proenkephalin; complete cds, without stopcodon.
LF353745 - JP 2014500723-A/161248: Polycomb-Associated Non-Coding RNAs.
LF353746 - JP 2014500723-A/161249: Polycomb-Associated Non-Coding RNAs.
LF353747 - JP 2014500723-A/161250: Polycomb-Associated Non-Coding RNAs.
BC107706 - Homo sapiens proenkephalin, mRNA (cDNA clone IMAGE:6617092), partial cds.
LF353748 - JP 2014500723-A/161251: Polycomb-Associated Non-Coding RNAs.
LF211941 - JP 2014500723-A/19444: Polycomb-Associated Non-Coding RNAs.
LF212973 - JP 2014500723-A/20476: Polycomb-Associated Non-Coding RNAs.
AK309758 - Homo sapiens cDNA, FLJ99799.
MA441960 - JP 2018138019-A/13886: Polycomb-Associated Non-Coding RNAs.
MA589321 - JP 2018138019-A/161247: Polycomb-Associated Non-Coding RNAs.
MA589322 - JP 2018138019-A/161248: Polycomb-Associated Non-Coding RNAs.
MA589323 - JP 2018138019-A/161249: Polycomb-Associated Non-Coding RNAs.
MA589324 - JP 2018138019-A/161250: Polycomb-Associated Non-Coding RNAs.
MA589325 - JP 2018138019-A/161251: Polycomb-Associated Non-Coding RNAs.
MA447518 - JP 2018138019-A/19444: Polycomb-Associated Non-Coding RNAs.
MA448550 - JP 2018138019-A/20476: Polycomb-Associated Non-Coding RNAs.

-  Biochemical and Signaling Pathways
  Reactome (by CSHL, EBI, and GO)

Protein P01210 (Reactome details) participates in the following event(s):

R-HSA-374298 Opioid receptors bind opioid peptides
R-HSA-749454 The Ligand:GPCR:Gi complex dissociates
R-HSA-8952289 FAM20C phosphorylates FAM20C substrates
R-HSA-749456 Liganded Gi-activating GPCRs bind inactive heterotrimeric G-protein Gi
R-HSA-380073 Liganded Gi-activating GPCR acts as a GEF for Gi
R-HSA-375276 Peptide ligand-binding receptors
R-HSA-418594 G alpha (i) signalling events
R-HSA-373076 Class A/1 (Rhodopsin-like receptors)
R-HSA-381426 Regulation of Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF) transport and uptake by Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Proteins (IGFBPs)
R-HSA-8957275 Post-translational protein phosphorylation
R-HSA-388396 GPCR downstream signalling
R-HSA-500792 GPCR ligand binding
R-HSA-392499 Metabolism of proteins
R-HSA-597592 Post-translational protein modification
R-HSA-372790 Signaling by GPCR
R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction

-  Other Names for This Gene
  Alternate Gene Symbols: B2RC23, ENST00000451791.1, ENST00000451791.2, ENST00000451791.3, ENST00000451791.4, ENST00000451791.5, ENST00000451791.6, NM_001135690, P01210, PENK , PENK_HUMAN, Q6FHC6, Q6FHE6, uc320tdq.1, uc320tdq.2
UCSC ID: ENST00000451791.7_7
RefSeq Accession: NM_001135690.3
Protein: P01210 (aka PENK_HUMAN)

-  Gene Model Information
  Click here for a detailed description of the fields of the table above.

-  Methods, Credits, and Use Restrictions
  Click here for details on how this gene model was made and data restrictions if any.