ID:UBC_HUMAN DESCRIPTION: RecName: Full=Polyubiquitin-C; Contains: RecName: Full=Ubiquitin; Flags: Precursor; FUNCTION: Ubiquitin exists either covalently attached to another protein, or free (unanchored). When covalently bound, it is conjugated to target proteins via an isopeptide bond either as a monomer (monoubiquitin), a polymer linked via different Lys residues of the ubiquitin (polyubiquitin chains) or a linear polymer linked via the initiator Met of the ubiquitin (linear polyubiquitin chains). Polyubiquitin chains, when attached to a target protein, have different functions depending on the Lys residue of the ubiquitin that is linked: Lys-6-linked may be involved in DNA repair; Lys-11-linked is involved in ERAD (endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation) and in cell-cycle regulation; Lys-29-linked is involved in lysosomal degradation; Lys-33-linked is involved in kinase modification; Lys-48-linked is involved in protein degradation via the proteasome; Lys-63-linked is involved in endocytosis, DNA-damage responses as well as in signaling processes leading to activation of the transcription factor NF-kappa-B. Linear polymer chains formed via attachment by the initiator Met lead to cell signaling. Ubiquitin is usually conjugated to Lys residues of target proteins, however, in rare cases, conjugation to Cys or Ser residues has been observed. When polyubiquitin is free (unanchored-polyubiquitin), it also has distinct roles, such as in activation of protein kinases, and in signaling. SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Ubiquitin: Cytoplasm (By similarity). Nucleus (By similarity). MISCELLANEOUS: Ubiquitin is encoded by 4 different genes. UBA52 and RPS27A genes code for a single copy of ubiquitin fused to the ribosomal proteins L40 and S27a, respectively. UBB and UBC genes code for a polyubiquitin precursor with exact head to tail repeats, the number of repeats differ between species and strains. MISCELLANEOUS: For the sake of clarity sequence features are annotated only for the first chain, and are not repeated for each of the following chains. SIMILARITY: Belongs to the ubiquitin family. SIMILARITY: Contains 9 ubiquitin-like domains.
The RNAfold program from the Vienna RNA Package is used to perform the secondary structure predictions and folding calculations. The estimated folding energy is in kcal/mol. The more negative the energy, the more secondary structure the RNA is likely to have.
ModBase Predicted Comparative 3D Structure on P0CG48
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Orthologous Genes in Other Species
Orthologies between human, mouse, and rat are computed by taking the best BLASTP hit, and filtering out non-syntenic hits. For more distant species reciprocal-best BLASTP hits are used. Note that the absence of an ortholog in the table below may reflect incomplete annotations in the other species rather than a true absence of the orthologous gene.
Protein P0CG48 (Reactome details) participates in the following event(s):
R-HSA-8853515 OTULIN,USP5 cleaves UBC yielding ubiquitin R-HSA-68712 The geminin component of geminin:Cdt1 complexes is ubiquitinated, releasing Cdt1 R-HSA-69015 Cytoplasmic phosphorylated Cdc6 is ubiquitinated by the anaphase-promoting complex R-HSA-69598 Ubiquitination of phosphorylated Cdc25A R-HSA-75824 Ubiquitination of Cyclin D1 R-HSA-173542 SMURF2 ubiquitinates SMAD2 R-HSA-174104 Ubiquitination of Cyclin A by APC/C:Cdc20 complex R-HSA-174144 Ubiquitination of Securin by phospho-APC/C:Cdc20 complex R-HSA-174159 Ubiquitination of Emi1 by SCF-beta-TrCP R-HSA-174195 Ubiquitination of cell cycle proteins targeted by the APC/C:Cdh1complex R-HSA-174227 Ubiquitination of Cyclin B by phospho-APC/C:Cdc20 complex R-HSA-179417 Multiubiquitination of Nek2A R-HSA-180540 Multi-ubiquitination of APOBEC3G R-HSA-180597 Ubiquitination of CD4 by Vpu:CD4:beta-TrCP:SKP1 complex R-HSA-182986 CBL-mediated ubiquitination of CIN85 R-HSA-182993 Ubiquitination of stimulated EGFR (CBL) R-HSA-183036 Ubiquitination of stimulated EGFR (CBL:GRB2) R-HSA-183051 CBL ubiquitinates Sprouty R-HSA-183084 CBL escapes CDC42-mediated inhibition by down-regulating the adaptor molecule Beta-Pix R-HSA-183089 CBL binds and ubiquitinates phosphorylated Sprouty R-HSA-209063 Beta-TrCP ubiquitinates NFKB p50:p65:phospho IKBA complex R-HSA-209536 IkB is ubiquitinated and degraded R-HSA-264444 Autoubiquitination of phospho-COP1(Ser-387 ) R-HSA-934604 Phosphorylated SPRY2 is ubiquitinated by CBL R-HSA-983153 E1 mediated ubiquitin activation R-HSA-1253282 ERBB4 ubiquitination by WWP1/ITCH R-HSA-1358789 Self-ubiquitination of RNF41 R-HSA-1358790 RNF41 ubiquitinates ERBB3 R-HSA-1358792 RNF41 ubiquitinates activated ERBB3 R-HSA-1504190 DVL is ubiquitinated by CUL3:KLHL12:RBX1 R-HSA-1912357 ITCH ubiquitinates DTX R-HSA-1912386 Ubiquitination of NOTCH1 by ITCH in the absence of ligand R-HSA-1918092 CHIP (STUB1) mediates ubiquitination of ERBB2 R-HSA-1918095 CUL5 mediates ubiquitination of ERBB2 R-HSA-1977296 NEDD4 ubiquitinates ERBB4jmAcyt1s80 dimer R-HSA-1980074 Ubiquitination of DLL/JAG ligands upon binding to NOTCH1 R-HSA-2130286 Multi-ubiquitination of phospho-beta-catenin by RBX1:SCF(beta-TrCP1) R-HSA-2160935 SMURF1 ubiquitinates RHOA R-HSA-2169050 SMURFs/NEDD4L ubiquitinate phosphorylated TGFBR1 and SMAD7 R-HSA-2172172 Ubiquitination of DLL/JAG ligands upon binding to NOTCH2 R-NUL-2176393 SMURF2 ubiquitinates Smad7 and phosphorylated TGFBR1 R-NUL-2176396 SMURF1 ubiquitinates Smad7 and phosphorylated TGFBR1 R-NUL-2176427 NEDD4L ubiquitinates Smad7 and TGFBR1 R-HSA-2187368 STUB1 (CHIP) ubiquitinates SMAD3 R-HSA-2682349 RAF1:SGK:TSC22D3:WPP ubiquitinates SCNN channels R-HSA-2737728 Ubiquitination of DLL/JAG ligands upon binding to NOTCH1 HD domain mutants R-HSA-2769007 Ubiquitination of DLL/JAG ligands upon binding to NOTCH1 PEST domain mutants R-HSA-2900765 Ubiquitination of DLL/JAG ligands upon binding to NOTCH1 HD+PEST domain mutants R-HSA-3000335 SCF-beta-TrCp1/2 ubiquitinates phosphorylated BORA R-HSA-3134804 STING ubiquitination by TRIM32 or TRIM56 R-HSA-3134946 DDX41 ubiquitination by TRIM21 R-HSA-3249386 DTX4 ubiquitinates p-S172-TBK1 within NLRP4:DTX4:dsDNA:ZBP1:TBK1 R-HSA-3640861 RNF146 ubiquitinates ADP-ribosylated AXIN R-HSA-4608852 SMURF1/2 ubiquitinates PRICKLE1 R-HSA-4641129 AXIN is ubiquitinated by SMURF2 R-HSA-4641159 DVL1 is ubiquitinated by HECW1 R-HSA-4641246 ZNRF3 autoubiquitinates to promote its internalization R-HSA-4641253 ZNRF3 ubiquitinates FZD to promote its downregulation R-HSA-5362412 SYVN1 ubiquitinates Hh C-terminal fragments R-HSA-5483238 Hh processing variants are ubiquitinated R-NUL-5610711 SCF(beta-TrCP) ubiquitinates p-Gli2 R-HSA-5610742 SCF(beta-TrCP) ubiquitinates p-GLI1 R-HSA-5610745 SCF(beta-TrCP) ubiquitinates p-GLI2 R-HSA-5610746 SCF(beta-TrCP) ubiquitinates p-GLI3 R-HSA-5632648 SMURF1/2 ubiquitinates PTCH1 R-HSA-5635864 NUMB:ITCH ubiquitinates GLI1 R-HSA-5654672 CBL ubiquitinates FRS2 and FGFR1 R-HSA-5654677 CBL ubiquitinates FRS2 and FGFR2 R-HSA-5654679 CBL ubiquitinates FRS2 and FGFR3 R-HSA-5654684 CBL ubiquitinates FRS2 and FGFR4 R-HSA-5658424 KBTBD7:CUL3:RBX1 ubiquitinates NF1 R-HSA-5674022 BRAP autoubiquitinates R-HSA-5684250 SCF betaTrCP ubiquitinates NFKB p105 within p-S927, S932-NFkB p105:TPL2:ABIN2 R-HSA-5687081 MAPK6 is ubiquitinated at the N-terminal R-HSA-5691108 SKP1:FBXL5:CUL1:NEDD8 ubiquitinylates IREB2 R-HSA-8852132 Ub-Cys632-UBA1 adenylates ubiquitin in the cytosol R-HSA-8852134 UBA1 adenylates ubiquitin in the cytosol R-HSA-8865050 Ub-Cys625-UBA6 adenylates ubiquitin in the cytosol R-HSA-8865090 UBA6 adenylates ubiquitin in the cytosol R-HSA-8867288 OS9:SEL1:ERAD E3 ligase:DERL2 ubiquitinates unfolded protein:(GlcNAc)2 (Man)9-5 R-HSA-8948709 DTX4 ubiquitinates p-S172-TBK1 within NLRP4:DTX4:STING:TBK1:IRF3 R-HSA-8956026 CUL9:RBX1 ubiquitinates BIRC5 R-HSA-8956684 ITCH polyubiquitinates TP73 R-HSA-9008076 WWP1 polyubiquitinates RUNX2 R-HSA-9009308 STUB1 polyubiquitinates RUNX2 R-HSA-9009403 SMURF1 polyubiquitinates RUNX2 R-HSA-9013069 Ubiquitination of DLL/JAG ligands upon binding to NOTCH3 R-HSA-9021523 WWP2 ubiquitinates NOTCH3 R-HSA-870437 USP9X (FAM) deubiquitinates SMAD4 R-HSA-1358795 Deubiquitination of RNF41 by P-USP8 R-HSA-2179291 UCHL5, USP15 deubiquitinate TGFBR1 R-NUL-2179313 Uchl5 deubiquitinates TGFBR1 R-HSA-3640872 USP34 deubiquitinates AXIN1,AXIN2 R-HSA-4641236 USP8 deubiquitinates FZD to potentiate WNT signaling R-HSA-5660752 USP9X deubiquitinates Ub-SNCA R-HSA-5690152 USP5 cleaves polyubiquitin R-HSA-6781764 USP15 deubiquitinates SMAD1,SMAD2,SMAD3, SMAD7:SMURF,KEAP1 R-HSA-6782628 USP8 deubiquitinates STAM2:HGS R-HSA-8865182 OTUD7A hydrolyses K11diUb R-HSA-8986083 USP33 deubiquitinates ROBO1 R-HSA-9033478 USP9X hydrolyzes Ub:PEX5S yielding PEX5S and Ubiquitin R-HSA-9033491 USP9X hydrolyzes Ub:PEX5L yielding PEX5L and Ubiquitin R-HSA-5205682 Parkin promotes the ubiquitination of mitochondrial substrates R-HSA-6807106 PTEN undergoes monoubiquitination R-HSA-6807134 NEDD4, WWP2, CHIP and XIAP polyubiquitinate PTEN R-HSA-8848829 CBL autoubiquitinates R-HSA-8851011 TRIM27 polyubiquitinates PTEN R-HSA-8854041 SCF-FBXL7 ubiquitinates AURKA R-HSA-8854051 SCF-FBXL18 ubiquitinates FBXL7 R-HSA-8866546 RNF5 and RNF185 ubiquitinate misfolded CFTR R-HSA-8866856 RNF5 and RNF185 ubiquitinate CFTR F508del R-HSA-8875183 CBL monoubiquitinates activated MET R-HSA-8875431 LRIG1 undergoes ubiquitination R-HSA-8876258 CBL monoubiquitinates InlB-bound MET R-HSA-8877003 CBLL1 ubiqutinates the InlA-bound CDH1 complex R-HSA-8948775 MKRN1 polyubiquitinates PTEN R-HSA-8948832 RNF146 polyubiquitinates PARylated PTEN R-HSA-6807206 USP13 and OTUD3 deubiquitinate PTEN R-HSA-8875443 USP8 deubiquitinates LRIG1 R-HSA-5688797 ATXN3 family cleave Ub chains R-HSA-5691431 PSMD14 cleaves K63-linked ubiquitin R-HSA-68946 Phosphorylated Orc1 is ubiquitinated while still associated with chromatin R-HSA-174057 Multiubiquitination of APC/C-associated Cdh1 R-HSA-187575 Ubiquitination of phospho-p27/p21 R-HSA-870449 TRIM33 monoubiquitinates SMAD4 R-HSA-1363331 Ubiquitination of p130 (RBL2) by SCF (Skp2) R-HSA-1852623 Ubiquitination of NICD1 by FBWX7 R-NUL-2064883 FBXW7 mediates ubiquitination of phosphorylated NICD1 R-HSA-2176502 NEDD4L ubiquitinates SMAD2/3 R-HSA-2179276 SMURF2 monoubiquitinates SMAD3 R-HSA-2186747 Ubiquitination of SKI/SKIL by RNF111/SMURF2 R-NUL-2186755 Ubiquitination of SKI/SKIL by Rnf111 R-NUL-2186775 Rnf111 ubiquitinates Smad7 R-HSA-2186785 RNF111 ubiquitinates SMAD7 R-HSA-3322429 XIAP monoubiquinates TLE R-HSA-3788724 Cdh1:APC/C ubiquitinates EHMT1 and EHMT2 R-HSA-5635856 SPOP:CUL3:RBX1 ubiquitinates GLI2,3 R-HSA-5652009 RAD18:UBE2B or RBX1:CUL4:DDB1:DTL monoubiquitinates PCNA R-HSA-5655170 RCHY1 monoubiquitinates POLH R-HSA-5682858 RNF8 and RNF168 ubiquitinate H2AFX R-HSA-5683077 RNF8 and RNF168 ubiquitinate KDM4A,B R-HSA-5684071 RNF4 ubiquitinates MDC1 R-HSA-6781867 ERCC8:DDB1:CUL4:RBX1 ubiquitinates ERCC6 and RNA Pol II R-HSA-6782943 UV-DDB ubiquitinates XPC R-HSA-6785361 Monoubiquitination of FANCD2:FANCI R-HSA-6798373 MDM2 ubiquitinates DYRK2 R-HSA-6804253 MDM2 ubiquitinates JMY R-HSA-6804441 RNF34 or RFFL ubiquitinates phosphorylated TP53 R-HSA-6804724 MDM2 ubiquitinates phosphorylated MDM4 R-HSA-6804879 MDM2 ubiquitinates TP53 R-HSA-6804942 MDM2 homodimers auto-ubiquitinate R-HSA-8852128 UBA1 adenylates ubiquitin in the nucleoplasm R-HSA-8852131 Ub-Cys632-UBA1 adenylates ubiquitin in the nucleus R-HSA-3215295 USP7 deubiquitinates MDM2 R-HSA-3215310 USP7 deubiquitinates TP53 and counteracts MDM2 R-HSA-5653770 USP10 deubiquitinates monoUb:K164,ISG:K164,ISG:K168-PCNA R-HSA-5655466 USP1:WDR48 deubiquitinates monoUb:K164-PCNA R-HSA-5696465 USP45 deubiquitinates ERCC1 R-HSA-6782069 UVSSA:USP7 deubiquitinates ERCC6 R-HSA-6786171 FANCD2 deubiquitination by USP1:WDR48 R-HSA-6807118 USP7 deubiquitinates monoubiquitinated PTEN R-HSA-8939706 SCF(SKP2) polyubiquitinates RUNX2 R-HSA-8952382 MDM2 polyubiquitinates RUNX3 R-HSA-8952419 SMURFs ubiquitinate RUNX3 R-HSA-9008479 FBXW7 polyubiquitinates RUNX2 R-HSA-5690080 USP3,SAGA deubiquitinate Histone H2A,H2B R-HSA-5690157 USP16,USP21 deubiquitinate Histone H2A R-HSA-5690790 Histone H2A is dubiquitinated by the PR-DUB complex R-HSA-5691381 MYSM1 deubiquitinates Histone H2A R-HSA-5696960 USP49 deubiquitinates H2B R-HSA-3149434 Transport of GAG to the Plasma Membrane R-HSA-184269 Monoubiquitinated N-myristoyl GAG polyprotein is targeted to the late endosomal vesicle membrane by the ESCRT-I complex R-HSA-157629 NOTCH2-ligand complex is cleaved to produce NEXT2 R-HSA-205118 TRAF6 polyubiquitinates NRIF R-NUL-209162 Murine ADAM10 cleaves Notch at the S2 site producing transmembrane spanning NEXT and ligand-bound NECD R-HSA-870479 USP9X (FAM) binds to ubiquitinated SMAD4 R-HSA-870477 Ubiquitinated SMAD4 translocates from the nucleus to the cytosol R-HSA-1295621 CBL dissociates from ubiquitinated p-SPRY2 R-HSA-983152 Transfer of ubiquitin from E1 to E2 R-HSA-983157 Interaction of E3 with substrate and E2-Ub complex R-HSA-1234163 Cytosolic VBC complex ubiquitinylates hydroxyprolyl-HIF-alpha R-HSA-8956106 VHL:EloB,C:NEDD8-CUL2:RBX1 complex ubiquitinylates HIF-alpha R-HSA-1358797 Ubiquitinated RNF41 binds P-USP8 R-HSA-157632 Complex of NOTCH1 with its ligand is cleaved to produce NEXT1 R-HSA-2220944 ADAM10/17 cleaves ligand-bound NOTCH1 PEST domain mutants to produce NEXT1 PEST domain mutants R-HSA-2179293 UCHL5 binds SMAD7 in complex with ubiquitinated TGFBR1 R-NUL-2179307 Uchl5 is recruited to TGF-beta receptor complex through Smad7 R-HSA-5690319 UCHL1, UCHL3 cleave ubiquitin adducts R-HSA-8852133 UBA1 conjugates ubiquitin to UBA1 in the cytosol R-HSA-8865098 UBA6 conjugates ubiquitin to UBA6 in the cytosol R-HSA-8852129 UBA1 conjugates ubiquitin to cytosolic E2 enzymes R-HSA-8852127 UBA6 conjugates ubiquitin to cytosolic E2 enzymes R-HSA-8850594 Deglycosylation complex hydrolyses N-glycans from unfolded glycoproteins R-HSA-8853379 ENGASE hydrolyses unfolded protein:(GlcNAc)2 (Man(9-5) R-HSA-1022127 OS9:SEL1:ERAD E3 ligase:DERL2 transports Ub-unfolded protein:(GlcNAc)2 (Man)9-5 from ERQC to cytosol R-HSA-8938770 RNF144A binds PRKDC and Ubiquitin:UBE2L3 R-HSA-8939323 RNF181 binds BCL10 and Ubiquitin:E2 R-HSA-8938829 RNF152 binds RRAGA:GDP and Ubiquitin:UBE2D3 R-HSA-8953917 PEX2:PEX10:PEX12 binds PEX5S,L (in PEX5S:PEX13:PEX14) and Ub:UBE2D1,2,3 R-HSA-9033527 PEX2:PEX10:PEX12 binds PEX5L (in PEX5L:PEX7:PEX13:PEX14:PEX2:PEX10:PEX12) and Ub:UBE2D1,2,3 R-HSA-9033526 USP9X binds Ub:PEX5S R-HSA-9033509 USP9X binds Ub:PEX5L R-HSA-8866542 VCP-catalyzed ATP hydrolysis promotes the translocation of misfolded CFTR into the cytosol R-HSA-8866854 VCP-catalyzed ATP hydrolysis promotes the translocation of CFTR F508del into the cytosol R-HSA-917693 ESCRT Disassembly R-HSA-1234172 Nuclear VBC complex ubiquitinylates HIF-alpha R-HSA-8852136 UBA1 conjugates ubiquitin to UBA1 in the nucleus R-HSA-8852130 UBA1 conjugates ubiquitin to nuclear E2 enzymes R-HSA-8942099 RNF20:RNF40 binds PAF complex, Ubiquitin:UBE2A,B (Ubiquitin:RAD6), WAC and Histone H2B R-HSA-3149454 Packaging of HIV virion on the host cell plasma membrane R-HSA-917700 MVB Vesicle Formation R-HSA-917696 Cargo Sequestration R-HSA-917730 Cargo Recognition And Sorting R-HSA-205008 Polyubiquitinated NRIF binds to p62 (Sequestosome) R-HSA-204947 Polyubiquitinated NRIF migrates to the nucleus R-HSA-983140 Transfer of Ub from E2 to substrate and release of E2 R-HSA-2730752 NOTCH1 HD domain mutants are cleaved to produce NEXT1 irrespective of ligand binding R-HSA-2220976 NOTCH1 HD+PEST domain mutants are cleaved by ADAM10/17 irrespective of ligand binding R-HSA-5658496 SIAH1:UBE2L6:Ubiquitin binds SNCA R-HSA-8953946 PEX2:PEX10:PEX12 monoubiquitinates PEX5S,L at cysteine-11 R-HSA-9033485 PEX2:PEX10:PEX12 monoubiquitinates PEX5L at cysteine-11 R-HSA-9033516 Ub:PEX5L (in PEX2:PEX10:PEX12:Ub:PEX5L:PEX7:PEX13:PEX14) binds PEX1:PEX6:PEX26 and ZFAND6 R-HSA-8943007 SHPRH binds monoUb-K164-PCNA, RAD6:RAD18, UBE2V2:Ub:UBE2N R-HSA-8943041 HLTF binds monoUb-K164-PCNA, RAD6:RAD18, UBE2V2:Ub:UBE2N R-HSA-6782211 DNA polymerases delta, epsilon or kappa bind the TC-NER site R-HSA-6782204 5' incision of damaged DNA strand by ERCC1:ERCC4 in TC-NER R-HSA-6782224 3' incision by ERCC5 (XPG) in TC-NER R-HSA-6782227 Ligation of newly synthesized repair patch to incised DNA in TC-NER R-HSA-6782208 Repair DNA synthesis of ~27-30 bases long patch by POLD, POLE or POLK in TC-NER R-HSA-6790487 RNF111 ubiquitinates SUMOylated XPC R-HSA-3139027 Maturation of HIV Virion R-HSA-8943083 US11:HLA binds DERL1:TMEM129:Ub:UBE2J2,UBE2K:VIMP:VCP R-HSA-8866279 Epsin family proteins bind ubiquitinated cargo R-HSA-5660753 SIAH1:UBE2L6:Ubiquitin ubiquitinates SNCA R-HSA-9033533 Ub:PEX5S,L (in PEX2:PEX10:PEX12:Ub:PEX5S:PEX13:PEX14) binds PEX1:PEX6:PEX26 and ZFAND6 R-HSA-6785732 DNA nucleases bind monoubiquitinated ID2 complex R-HSA-6786155 POLN binds ICL-DNA R-HSA-5690213 DNA polymerases delta, epsilon or kappa bind the GG-NER site R-HSA-5653766 USP10 binds monoUb:K164,ISG:K164,ISG:K168-PCNA R-HSA-5653754 UBE2L6:TRIM25 ISGylates monoUb:K164-PCNA R-HSA-6782004 Assembly of the pre-incision complex in TC-NER R-HSA-5696664 PARP1 or PARP2 binds DDB2 at GG-NER site R-HSA-6790454 SUMOylation of XPC R-HSA-168915 K63-linked ubiquitination of RIP1 bound to the activated TLR complex R-HSA-9014342 K63-linked ubiquitination of RIP1 bound to the activated TLR complex R-HSA-5655481 USP1:WDR48 binds monoUb:K164-PCNA R-HSA-110307 REV1 binds AP-dsDNA R-HSA-110311 POLZ extends translesion synthesis R-HSA-5653756 TRIM25 binds monoUb:164-PCNA R-HSA-110316 POLH binds monoUb:K164-PCNA at damaged TT-CPD-DNA template R-HSA-5654986 SPRTN binds monoUb:K164-PCNA associated with POLH R-HSA-110319 Elongation by POLH R-HSA-5654989 SPRTN:VCP-mediated release of POLH from monoUb:K164-PCNA R-HSA-5655835 POLK forms a quaternary complex with REV1 and POLZ on damaged DNA template R-HSA-5656105 POLI simultaneously binds REV1 and monoUb:K164-PCNA at damaged DNA R-HSA-110317 Insertion of correct bases opposite the lesion by POLH R-HSA-5690996 ERCC2 and ERCC3 DNA helicases form an open bubble structure in damaged DNA R-HSA-5691000 TFIIH binds GG-NER site to form a verification complex R-HSA-5696655 PARP1 or PARP2 PARylates DDB2 and autoPARylates R-HSA-8867756 CLASP proteins and cargo are recruited to the nascent clathrin-coated pit R-HSA-5652151 REV1 recruits POLZ to (AP:Cyt)-DNA Template R-HSA-110308 REV1 inserts dCMP opposite to AP sites in DNA R-HSA-5654985 SPRTN recruits VCP to monoUb:K164-PCNA associated with POLH R-HSA-5655892 POLK incorporates dNMP opposite to damaged DNA base R-HSA-5655965 POLK and POLZ cooperate in elongation of mispaired primer termini R-HSA-5656148 POLI incorporates dNMP opposite to damaged DNA base R-HSA-5656158 POLZ elongates POLI-incorporated dNMP R-HSA-5690997 Ligation of newly synthesized repair patch to incised DNA in GG-NER R-HSA-6782131 RNA Pol II backtracking in TC-NER R-HSA-6782138 ERCC5 and RPA bind TC-NER site R-HSA-5696670 CHD1L is recruited to GG-NER site R-HSA-5689861 Recruitment of XPA and release of CAK R-HSA-8868071 Clathrin recruits PIK3C2A R-HSA-8868661 Dynamin-mediated GTP hydrolysis promotes vesicle scission R-HSA-8868648 SYNJ hydrolyze PI(4,5)P2 to PI(4)P R-HSA-8871194 RAB5 and GAPVD1 bind AP-2 R-HSA-8868658 HSPA8-mediated ATP hydrolysis promotes vesicle uncoating R-HSA-8868659 Clathrin recruits auxilins to the clathrin-coated vesicle R-HSA-8868660 Auxilin recruits HSPA8:ATP to the clathrin-coated vesicle R-HSA-5693593 D-loop extension by DNA polymerases R-HSA-5690988 3'-incision of DNA by ERCC5 (XPG) in GG-NER R-HSA-5691001 Repair DNA synthesis of ~27-30 bases long patch by POLD, POLE or POLK in GG-NER R-HSA-6782141 Binding of ERCC1:ERCC4 (ERCC1:XPF) to pre-incision complex in TC-NER R-HSA-8867754 F- and N- BAR domain proteins bind the clathrin-coated pit R-HSA-8868230 SNX9 recruits components of the actin polymerizing machinery R-HSA-8868072 Clathrin-associated PIK3C2A phosphorylates PI(4)P to PI(3,4)P2 R-HSA-8868236 BAR domain proteins recruit dynamin R-HSA-8868651 Endophilins recruit synaptojanins to the clathrin-coated pit R-HSA-8866652 Synthesis of active ubiquitin: roles of E1 and E2 enzymes R-HSA-68827 CDT1 association with the CDC6:ORC:origin complex R-HSA-69017 CDK-mediated phosphorylation and removal of Cdc6 R-HSA-69601 Ubiquitin Mediated Degradation of Phosphorylated Cdc25A R-HSA-69229 Ubiquitin-dependent degradation of Cyclin D1 R-HSA-2173788 Downregulation of TGF-beta receptor signaling R-HSA-174184 Cdc20:Phospho-APC/C mediated degradation of Cyclin A R-HSA-174154 APC/C:Cdc20 mediated degradation of Securin R-HSA-2467813 Separation of Sister Chromatids R-HSA-174113 SCF-beta-TrCP mediated degradation of Emi1 R-HSA-174178 APC/C:Cdh1 mediated degradation of Cdc20 and other APC/C:Cdh1 targeted proteins in late mitosis/early G1 R-HSA-174048 APC/C:Cdc20 mediated degradation of Cyclin B R-HSA-179409 APC-Cdc20 mediated degradation of Nek2A R-HSA-180585 Vif-mediated degradation of APOBEC3G R-HSA-180534 Vpu mediated degradation of CD4 R-HSA-182971 EGFR downregulation R-HSA-174490 Membrane binding and targetting of GAG proteins R-HSA-9020702 Interleukin-1 signaling R-HSA-209560 NF-kB is activated and signals survival R-HSA-209543 p75NTR recruits signalling complexes R-HSA-211733 Regulation of activated PAK-2p34 by proteasome mediated degradation R-HSA-349425 Autodegradation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase COP1 R-HSA-400253 Circadian Clock R-HSA-9014325 TICAM1,TRAF6-dependent induction of TAK1 complex R-HSA-937072 TRAF6-mediated induction of TAK1 complex within TLR4 complex R-HSA-975163 IRAK2 mediated activation of TAK1 complex upon TLR7/8 or 9 stimulation R-HSA-450408 AUF1 (hnRNP D0) binds and destabilizes mRNA R-HSA-1295596 Spry regulation of FGF signaling R-HSA-937042 IRAK2 mediated activation of TAK1 complex R-HSA-983168 Antigen processing: Ubiquitination & Proteasome degradation R-HSA-1169091 Activation of NF-kappaB in B cells R-HSA-1169408 ISG15 antiviral mechanism R-HSA-1236382 Constitutive Signaling by Ligand-Responsive EGFR Cancer Variants R-HSA-1253288 Downregulation of ERBB4 signaling R-HSA-1358803 Downregulation of ERBB2:ERBB3 signaling R-HSA-4641258 Degradation of DVL R-HSA-2122948 Activated NOTCH1 Transmits Signal to the Nucleus R-HSA-8863795 Downregulation of ERBB2 signaling R-HSA-195253 Degradation of beta-catenin by the destruction complex R-HSA-2173791 TGF-beta receptor signaling in EMT (epithelial to mesenchymal transition) R-HSA-2979096 NOTCH2 Activation and Transmission of Signal to the Nucleus R-HSA-936964 Activation of IRF3/IRF7 mediated by TBK1/IKK epsilon R-HSA-2672351 Stimuli-sensing channels R-HSA-2691232 Constitutive Signaling by NOTCH1 HD Domain Mutants R-HSA-2644606 Constitutive Signaling by NOTCH1 PEST Domain Mutants R-HSA-2894862 Constitutive Signaling by NOTCH1 HD+PEST Domain Mutants R-HSA-2565942 Regulation of PLK1 Activity at G2/M Transition R-HSA-3134975 Regulation of innate immune responses to cytosolic DNA R-HSA-4641257 Degradation of AXIN R-HSA-3322077 Glycogen synthesis R-HSA-3785653 Myoclonic epilepsy of Lafora R-HSA-4608870 Asymmetric localization of PCP proteins R-HSA-4641263 Regulation of FZD by ubiquitination R-HSA-5358346 Hedgehog ligand biogenesis R-HSA-5362768 Hh mutants that don't undergo autocatalytic processing are degraded by ERAD R-HSA-5610780 Degradation of GLI1 by the proteasome R-HSA-5610783 Degradation of GLI2 by the proteasome R-HSA-5610785 GLI3 is processed to GLI3R by the proteasome R-HSA-5632684 Hedgehog 'on' state R-HSA-5654726 Negative regulation of FGFR1 signaling R-HSA-5654727 Negative regulation of FGFR2 signaling R-HSA-5654732 Negative regulation of FGFR3 signaling R-HSA-5654733 Negative regulation of FGFR4 signaling R-HSA-5658442 Regulation of RAS by GAPs R-HSA-5675221 Negative regulation of MAPK pathway R-HSA-5684264 MAP3K8 (TPL2)-dependent MAPK1/3 activation R-HSA-5687128 MAPK6/MAPK4 signaling R-HSA-917937 Iron uptake and transport R-HSA-901032 ER Quality Control Compartment (ERQC) R-HSA-8951664 Neddylation R-HSA-8939236 RUNX1 regulates transcription of genes involved in differentiation of HSCs R-HSA-8939902 Regulation of RUNX2 expression and activity R-HSA-9010553 Regulation of expression of SLITs and ROBOs R-HSA-9013507 NOTCH3 Activation and Transmission of Signal to the Nucleus R-HSA-9013973 TICAM1-dependent activation of IRF3/IRF7 R-HSA-68949 Orc1 removal from chromatin R-HSA-2173795 Downregulation of SMAD2/3:SMAD4 transcriptional activity R-HSA-5689880 Ub-specific processing proteases R-HSA-936440 Negative regulators of DDX58/IFIH1 signaling R-HSA-1234176 Oxygen-dependent proline hydroxylation of Hypoxia-inducible Factor Alpha R-HSA-1236974 ER-Phagosome pathway R-HSA-5689603 UCH proteinases R-HSA-201681 TCF dependent signaling in response to WNT R-HSA-5357905 Regulation of TNFR1 signaling R-HSA-5607761 Dectin-1 mediated noncanonical NF-kB signaling R-HSA-5676590 NIK-->noncanonical NF-kB signaling R-HSA-977225 Amyloid fiber formation R-HSA-69481 G2/M Checkpoints R-HSA-8852276 The role of GTSE1 in G2/M progression after G2 checkpoint R-HSA-5689896 Ovarian tumor domain proteases R-HSA-8941858 Regulation of RUNX3 expression and activity R-HSA-9033241 Peroxisomal protein import R-HSA-5205685 Pink/Parkin Mediated Mitophagy R-HSA-8948747 Regulation of PTEN localization R-HSA-8948751 Regulation of PTEN stability and activity R-HSA-8849469 PTK6 Regulates RTKs and Their Effectors AKT1 and DOK1 R-HSA-8854050 FBXL7 down-regulates AURKA during mitotic entry and in early mitosis R-HSA-382556 ABC-family proteins mediated transport R-HSA-5678895 Defective CFTR causes cystic fibrosis R-HSA-6807004 Negative regulation of MET activity R-HSA-8875360 InlB-mediated entry of Listeria monocytogenes into host cell R-HSA-8876493 InlA-mediated entry of Listeria monocytogenes into host cells R-HSA-8852135 Protein ubiquitination R-HSA-5689877 Josephin domain DUBs R-HSA-5689901 Metalloprotease DUBs R-HSA-202424 Downstream TCR signaling R-HSA-2871837 FCERI mediated NF-kB activation R-HSA-5607764 CLEC7A (Dectin-1) signaling R-HSA-174084 Autodegradation of Cdh1 by Cdh1:APC/C R-HSA-187577 SCF(Skp2)-mediated degradation of p27/p21 R-HSA-69231 Cyclin D associated events in G1 R-HSA-2122947 NOTCH1 Intracellular Domain Regulates Transcription R-HSA-2173796 SMAD2/SMAD3:SMAD4 heterotrimer regulates transcription R-HSA-3769402 Deactivation of the beta-catenin transactivating complex R-HSA-2559582 Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP) R-HSA-110314 Recognition of DNA damage by PCNA-containing replication complex R-HSA-110320 Translesion Synthesis by POLH R-HSA-5656169 Termination of translesion DNA synthesis R-HSA-5693565 Recruitment and ATM-mediated phosphorylation of repair and signaling proteins at DNA double strand breaks R-HSA-5693607 Processing of DNA double-strand break ends R-HSA-6781823 Formation of TC-NER Pre-Incision Complex R-HSA-5696394 DNA Damage Recognition in GG-NER R-HSA-6783310 Fanconi Anemia Pathway R-HSA-6804756 Regulation of TP53 Activity through Phosphorylation R-HSA-6804760 Regulation of TP53 Activity through Methylation R-HSA-6804757 Regulation of TP53 Degradation R-HSA-69541 Stabilization of p53 R-HSA-2559580 Oxidative Stress Induced Senescence R-HSA-2559585 Oncogene Induced Senescence R-HSA-5696395 Formation of Incision Complex in GG-NER R-HSA-156988 Receptor-ligand binding initiates the second proteolytic cleavage of Notch receptor R-HSA-205043 NRIF signals cell death from the nucleus R-HSA-532668 N-glycan trimming in the ER and Calnexin/Calreticulin cycle R-HSA-8866654 E3 ubiquitin ligases ubiquitinate target proteins R-HSA-68867 Assembly of the pre-replicative complex R-HSA-69052 Switching of origins to a post-replicative state R-HSA-69610 p53-Independent DNA Damage Response R-HSA-75815 Ubiquitin-dependent degradation of Cyclin D R-HSA-2173789 TGF-beta receptor signaling activates SMADs R-HSA-179419 APC:Cdc20 mediated degradation of cell cycle proteins prior to satisfation of the cell cycle checkpoint R-HSA-176409 APC/C:Cdc20 mediated degradation of mitotic proteins R-HSA-68882 Mitotic Anaphase R-HSA-176408 Regulation of APC/C activators between G1/S and early anaphase R-HSA-174143 APC/C-mediated degradation of cell cycle proteins R-HSA-162909 Host Interactions of HIV factors R-HSA-177929 Signaling by EGFR R-HSA-174495 Synthesis And Processing Of GAG, GAGPOL Polyproteins R-HSA-446652 Interleukin-1 family signaling R-HSA-193639 p75NTR signals via NF-kB R-HSA-169911 Regulation of Apoptosis R-HSA-168164 Toll Like Receptor 3 (TLR3) Cascade R-HSA-937061 TRIF(TICAM1)-mediated TLR4 signaling R-HSA-975138 TRAF6 mediated induction of NFkB and MAP kinases upon TLR7/8 or 9 activation R-HSA-450531 Regulation of mRNA stability by proteins that bind AU-rich elements R-HSA-166058 MyD88:Mal cascade initiated on plasma membrane R-HSA-975871 MyD88 cascade initiated on plasma membrane R-HSA-983169 Class I MHC mediated antigen processing & presentation R-HSA-1168372 Downstream signaling events of B Cell Receptor (BCR) R-HSA-1169410 Antiviral mechanism by IFN-stimulated genes R-HSA-5637815 Signaling by Ligand-Responsive EGFR Variants in Cancer R-HSA-1236394 Signaling by ERBB4 R-HSA-1980143 Signaling by NOTCH1 R-HSA-1227986 Signaling by ERBB2 R-HSA-195721 Signaling by WNT R-HSA-170834 Signaling by TGF-beta Receptor Complex R-HSA-1980145 Signaling by NOTCH2 R-HSA-983712 Ion channel transport R-HSA-2691230 Signaling by NOTCH1 HD Domain Mutants in Cancer R-HSA-2644602 Signaling by NOTCH1 PEST Domain Mutants in Cancer R-HSA-2894858 Signaling by NOTCH1 HD+PEST Domain Mutants in Cancer R-HSA-69275 G2/M Transition R-HSA-1834949 Cytosolic sensors of pathogen-associated DNA R-HSA-8982491 Glycogen metabolism R-HSA-3229121 Glycogen storage diseases R-HSA-4086400 PCP/CE pathway R-HSA-5358351 Signaling by Hedgehog R-HSA-5387390 Hh mutants abrogate ligand secretion R-HSA-5610787 Hedgehog 'off' state R-HSA-5654736 Signaling by FGFR1 R-HSA-5654738 Signaling by FGFR2 R-HSA-5654741 Signaling by FGFR3 R-HSA-5654743 Signaling by FGFR4 R-HSA-5673001 RAF/MAP kinase cascade R-HSA-450294 MAP kinase activation R-HSA-5683057 MAPK family signaling cascades R-HSA-382551 Transport of small molecules R-HSA-901042 Calnexin/calreticulin cycle R-HSA-597592 Post-translational protein modification R-HSA-8878171 Transcriptional regulation by RUNX1 R-HSA-8878166 Transcriptional regulation by RUNX2 R-HSA-376176 Signaling by ROBO receptors R-HSA-9012852 Signaling by NOTCH3 R-HSA-2173793 Transcriptional activity of SMAD2/SMAD3:SMAD4 heterotrimer R-HSA-5688426 Deubiquitination R-HSA-168928 DDX58/IFIH1-mediated induction of interferon-alpha/beta R-HSA-1234174 Regulation of Hypoxia-inducible Factor (HIF) by oxygen R-HSA-1236975 Antigen processing-Cross presentation R-HSA-75893 TNF signaling R-HSA-5668541 TNFR2 non-canonical NF-kB pathway R-HSA-392499 Metabolism of proteins R-HSA-69620 Cell Cycle Checkpoints R-HSA-8878159 Transcriptional regulation by RUNX3 R-HSA-5205647 Mitophagy R-HSA-6807070 PTEN Regulation R-HSA-8848021 Signaling by PTK6 R-HSA-5619084 ABC transporter disorders R-HSA-6806834 Signaling by MET R-HSA-8876384 Listeria monocytogenes entry into host cells R-HSA-917729 Endosomal Sorting Complex Required For Transport (ESCRT) R-HSA-202403 TCR signaling R-HSA-2454202 Fc epsilon receptor (FCERI) signaling R-HSA-5621481 C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) R-HSA-6781827 Transcription-Coupled Nucleotide Excision Repair (TC-NER) R-HSA-69202 Cyclin E associated events during G1/S transition R-HSA-69656 Cyclin A:Cdk2-associated events at S phase entry R-HSA-69236 G1 Phase R-HSA-2559583 Cellular Senescence R-HSA-73893 DNA Damage Bypass R-HSA-110313 Translesion synthesis by Y family DNA polymerases bypasses lesions on DNA template R-HSA-5693606 DNA Double Strand Break Response R-HSA-5693567 HDR through Homologous Recombination (HR) or Single Strand Annealing (SSA) R-HSA-5696399 Global Genome Nucleotide Excision Repair (GG-NER) R-HSA-73894 DNA Repair R-HSA-5633007 Regulation of TP53 Activity R-HSA-6806003 Regulation of TP53 Expression and Degradation R-HSA-69563 p53-Dependent G1 DNA Damage Response R-HSA-175474 Assembly Of The HIV Virion R-HSA-204998 Cell death signalling via NRAGE, NRIF and NADE R-HSA-446203 Asparagine N-linked glycosylation R-HSA-69002 DNA Replication Pre-Initiation R-HSA-69239 Synthesis of DNA R-HSA-69613 p53-Independent G1/S DNA damage checkpoint R-HSA-69242 S Phase R-HSA-176814 Activation of APC/C and APC/C:Cdc20 mediated degradation of mitotic proteins R-HSA-2555396 Mitotic Metaphase and Anaphase R-HSA-453276 Regulation of mitotic cell cycle R-HSA-162906 HIV Infection R-HSA-9006934 Signaling by Receptor Tyrosine Kinases R-HSA-449147 Signaling by Interleukins R-HSA-193704 p75 NTR receptor-mediated signalling R-HSA-109581 Apoptosis R-HSA-168898 Toll-Like Receptors Cascades R-HSA-166166 MyD88-independent TLR4 cascade R-HSA-975155 MyD88 dependent cascade initiated on endosome R-HSA-8953854 Metabolism of RNA R-HSA-166016 Toll Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) Cascade R-HSA-168179 Toll Like Receptor TLR1:TLR2 Cascade R-HSA-168188 Toll Like Receptor TLR6:TLR2 Cascade R-HSA-168142 Toll Like Receptor 10 (TLR10) Cascade R-HSA-168176 Toll Like Receptor 5 (TLR5) Cascade R-HSA-1280218 Adaptive Immune System R-HSA-983705 Signaling by the B Cell Receptor (BCR) R-HSA-913531 Interferon Signaling R-HSA-1643713 Signaling by EGFR in Cancer R-HSA-157118 Signaling by NOTCH R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction R-HSA-9006936 Signaling by TGF-beta family members R-HSA-2644603 Signaling by NOTCH1 in Cancer R-HSA-453274 Mitotic G2-G2/M phases R-HSA-168249 Innate Immune System R-HSA-71387 Metabolism of carbohydrates R-HSA-5663084 Diseases of carbohydrate metabolism R-HSA-3858494 Beta-catenin independent WNT signaling R-HSA-5663202 Diseases of signal transduction R-HSA-190236 Signaling by FGFR R-HSA-5684996 MAPK1/MAPK3 signaling R-HSA-448424 Interleukin-17 signaling R-HSA-212436 Generic Transcription Pathway R-HSA-422475 Axon guidance R-HSA-2262749 Cellular response to hypoxia R-HSA-73887 Death Receptor Signalling R-HSA-1280215 Cytokine Signaling in Immune system R-HSA-1640170 Cell Cycle R-HSA-1257604 PIP3 activates AKT signaling R-HSA-9006927 Signaling by Non-Receptor Tyrosine Kinases R-HSA-5619115 Disorders of transmembrane transporters R-HSA-5663205 Infectious disease R-HSA-199991 Membrane Trafficking R-HSA-5696398 Nucleotide Excision Repair R-HSA-6782135 Dual incision in TC-NER R-HSA-6782210 Gap-filling DNA repair synthesis and ligation in TC-NER R-HSA-69206 G1/S Transition R-HSA-453279 Mitotic G1-G1/S phases R-HSA-2262752 Cellular responses to stress R-HSA-5693532 DNA Double-Strand Break Repair R-HSA-5693538 Homology Directed Repair R-HSA-3700989 Transcriptional Regulation by TP53 R-HSA-69580 p53-Dependent G1/S DNA damage checkpoint R-HSA-162588 Budding and maturation of HIV virion R-HSA-162599 Late Phase of HIV Life Cycle R-HSA-8856825 Cargo recognition for clathrin-mediated endocytosis R-HSA-68874 M/G1 Transition R-HSA-69306 DNA Replication R-HSA-69615 G1/S DNA Damage Checkpoints R-HSA-69278 Cell Cycle (Mitotic) R-HSA-68886 M Phase R-HSA-5357801 Programmed Cell Death R-HSA-168138 Toll Like Receptor 9 (TLR9) Cascade R-HSA-168181 Toll Like Receptor 7/8 (TLR7/8) Cascade R-HSA-181438 Toll Like Receptor 2 (TLR2) Cascade R-HSA-168256 Immune System R-HSA-1430728 Metabolism R-HSA-5668914 Diseases of metabolism R-HSA-1643685 Disease R-HSA-73857 RNA Polymerase II Transcription R-HSA-1266738 Developmental Biology R-HSA-9006925 Intracellular signaling by second messengers R-HSA-5653656 Vesicle-mediated transport R-HSA-5696400 Dual Incision in GG-NER R-HSA-8953897 Cellular responses to external stimuli R-HSA-162587 HIV Life Cycle R-HSA-8856828 Clathrin-mediated endocytosis R-HSA-937041 IKK complex recruitment mediated by RIP1 R-HSA-168927 TICAM1, RIP1-mediated IKK complex recruitment R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) R-HSA-110312 Translesion synthesis by REV1 R-HSA-5655862 Translesion synthesis by POLK R-HSA-5656121 Translesion synthesis by POLI R-HSA-5696397 Gap-filling DNA repair synthesis and ligation in GG-NER R-HSA-5685942 HDR through Homologous Recombination (HRR)
US Server
Sequence and Links to Tools and Databases 
Common Gene Haplotype Alleles 
